The twentieth century in 100 moments : a visual history of America

259 Pages·2016·63.314 MB·English

by  Reinhardt, Akim D., Rounds, Heather

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY IN 100 MOMENTS
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VJ DAY
WARBONDS WOR
GO ON SALE
In 1851, London
as the Great Exhi
Industry of All Na
the first world’s fai
When the Great War (later known as World first large wave came during the 1840s and
Gl’s in Palm Springs took V-J day in personnel and Villagers was the strange
War I) erupted in 1914, the vast majority 1850s. Some two million had immigrated as industry and empi
stride. News that it was all over and that quietness that prevailed Wednesday
of Americans looked at it with a sense of recently as the last two decades of the nineteenth cutting-edge in
World War II was at an end seemed and yesterday. It finally dawned on
detachment and no interest in joining what century, settling in cities and on farms. German first to have little effect on the men them that there were no airplanes in were displayed w
they saw as a strictly European conflict. In 1916, culture, arts, and institutions were thriving in and women in uniform when it was the skies. The two-day holiday was magnificent iro
President Woodrow Wilson even successfully early twentieth-century America, including flashed Tuesday afternoon. First impact in effect. It was the first time in years
called the Cryst
campaigned for re-election with the slogan German-language newspapers, churches, of the news of the Japanese surrender that the drone of planes above the
“He Kept Us Out of War!” But by the following theaters, and schools. However, as war raged, Gseemed to stun patiAents and personnel SVillage was no t heard. CAt Torney CRrystal Palace
year, the United States had been drawn into the anti-German hysteria swept the nation, and at Torney General Hospital and men General Hospital the news came just nations began to
largest and deadliest war the world had yet seen, anything German was suspicious. Both the and women at the sth OTU air base as supper trays were being prepared fairs. Philadelph
here. A.startling reaction to air base for evening service on the wards and
siding with the British and French against the mainstream American society and federal and
Germans. Once involved, Americans reached for state governments worked to repress German
new heights of nationalism. All Americans were American culture. Many towns changed their
expected to support the war effort. The federal German names, such as Berlin, Michigan, which
government opened its first-ever propaganda became Marne. Countless German street names
bureau. Most forms of dissent were banned. It in cities and towns across the country were also
was even against the law to advocate pacifism. For changed. Many major orchestras refused to play
German Americans, this created a particularly music by German composers such as Richard
difficult circumstance. Germans are the single- Wagner or even Beethoven. School districts
largest group of ethnic immigrants in American throughout America banned teaching the
history, more than seven million having arrived German language. German words were scrubbed
since the founding of the United States. The from popular culture: frankfurters became hot
SECRETARIAT WINS 19TH AMEN
THE INTERNMENT OF
JAPANESE AMERICANS
THE TRIPLE CROWN
WOMEN ALLOWE
ng World War I, German Americans
ienced substantial repression as
hysteria rippled through society.
At the nation’s first women’s rights hold u
ng World War II, however, German
convention, held in 1848 in Seneca After
icans fared much better than before,
In 1969, horse owner Penny Chenery down Chenery’s first five applications.
Falls, New York, delegates approved a wome
as the United States again fought
brought two of her thoroughbred mares, Her secretary, Elizabeth Ham, finally
Declaration of Sentiments that, among Anth
any. This time, it was Japanese
Hasty Matelda and Somethingroyal, submitted a sixth name, which she had
other things, advocated suffrage for found
icans who bore the brunt of wartime
to Claiborne Farms in Kentucky. Each come up with herself, and it gained
women. The movement gained steam Assoc
oia after Japan’s attack on Pearl
would be mated with Bold Ruler, one of approval: Secretariat. After losing his
until it was overwhelmed by growing The g
or. And the levels of oppression
the nation’s premier studs. But instead two-year-old debut on July 4, 1972,
sectional tensions. The women’s movement amen
faced reached new and frightening
of taking cash payment for his services, Secretariat reeled off eight consecutive
was centered in the North, and many right
ts. Severe anti-Asian racism was
Bold Ruler’s owners would take one victories (though he was disqualified
advocates were also active in the antislavery and e
ommonplace in America. Japanese
of the offspring. Who chose first was in one), including several important
movement. As war neared, many men of A
icans, even those born here, were
to be determined by a coin flip. Bold preps for the Kentucky Derby. He was
in the antislavery movement pressured hodg
seen as “foreign.” After Pearl
ALI Ruler’s owners won the toss, and they named the two-year-old horse of the women to put the suffrage question on a rest
or, anti-Japanese racism fueled fears
chose the filly that would come from year. Secretariat began his three-year-old
Japanese Americans would spy for
Hasty Matelda. That meant Chenery season with two impressive wins before
FLU KILLE
got the colt born from Somethingroyal losing a third; it turned out he had an
the following March. A bright-red abscess in his mouth. After healing,
chestnut horse with three white socks, he was ready for the premier events in
Pthe colt stillA had no nameN after its first AAmerican hoMrseracing, the TripleA Crown DeaCth InA the WNar
birthday, as the Jockey Club had turned races: the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness
THE GREATEST
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Y
WORLD’S FAIR OPENS IN ST. LOUIS
ARCHDUK
FERDINAN
In 1851, London hosted an event touted American city to host one in 1876. Visitors could spend days at a world’s fair,
ASSASSINATE
as the Great Exhibition of the Works of Atlanta, Boston, and New Orleans which was part museum, part carnival,
Industry of All Nations. Better known as followed suit during the 1880s. As part theater, and part chest-thumping
the first world’s fair, it was a celebration of the twentieth century neared, world’s nationalism. Popular activities included Ever since the recent Balkan war Servia
industry and empire. During that summer, fairs became increasingly popular in the staring at futuristic gadgets, wandering has been the center of a PanSlavic
cutting-edge industrial technologies United States and imperial nations of through the massive fairgrounds, and propaganda against Austria. This
were displayed within a massive and Europe. They provided host cities and marveling at ostentatious architectural propaganda culminated on June
magnificent iron-and-glass structure nations a chance to showcase their wealth, achievements. For example, the Eiffel 28th of this year in the assassination
called the Crystal Palace. After the culture, and industrial might. Millions Tower of Paris, the Space Needle of of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir
Crystal Palace exhibitions, various of tourists flocked to these sprawling Seattle, and Balboa Park of San Diego all to the Austrian throne, and his wife.
CRISIS
nations began to hold their own world’s events, which for several months offered debuted at world’s fairs. The first Ferris Austria accused Servia of encouraging
fairs. Philadelphia became the first a variety of mesmerizing entertainment. wheel appeared at the 1893 Chicago fair. conspiracies against the dual monarchy,
anNd, in effecIt, of Xabetting Othe assassinNatio
RESIGNS PRESIDEN
AMENDMENT
In May of 1973, Congress began holding its
own hearings, which were broadcast live on TV
and radio. Nixon resisted every step of the way.
Eventually, the US Supreme Court ordered him
to hand over secret audio recordings made in
the Oval Office. When they finally showed up,
ALLOWED TO VOTE
crucial sections had been “accidentally” erased.
IPn July of U1974, the HNouse of ReKpresentatives
voted to impeach President Nixon on charges
men’s rights hold until the evil of slavery was banished.
in Seneca After the Civil War ended in 1865, activist
approved a women again raised the issue. Susan B.
that, among Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
suffrage for founded the National Woman Suffrage
ained steam Association (NWSA) in May of 1869.
Punk music and culture has its roots in the United
by growing The group advocated for a constitutional
YOU HAVE MAIL States and Great Britain. One of the earliest and
n’s movement amendment guaranteeing women the
most influential places was southeast Michigan. The
h, and many right to vote. During the late nineteenth Stooges, fronted by singer Iggy Pop, and the MC5
he antislavery and early twentieth centuries, the map were hard-driving rock bands that played loud
many men of American voting rights became a and fast while sneering at the delicacies of hippie
culture. Spurred on by anger and testosterone, they
nt pressured hodgepodge. Many states offered women
challenged audiences instead of pandering to them.
question on a restricted franchise, allowing them to
Iggy Pop’s confrontational stage antics included
wild contortions, screaming, dancing and/or
KILLED MORE THAN WAR fighting with the crowd, nudity, and cutting himself
on stage. By the mid-1970s, New York City had
become a hub for the new movement. In particular,
the club CBGB (which, oddly enough, originally
ANAL OPENS was an acronym for country, bluegrass, and blues)
the War Total 27,789 —Death from Flu 82,306
featured bands such as the denim- and leather-clad
Ramones, who played loud, stripped-down rock
music. Meanwhile, Great Britain was developing
its own punk scene. While the music was similar,
British punk sometimes featured overtly political
lyrics and developed a fashion sense of ripped
denim, leather and studs, piercings, wild hair colors,
and the iconic Mohawk haircut. In 1979, English
band the Sex Pistols released perhaps the most
influential punk album, Never Mind the Bollocks,
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© 2015 Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc.
Text © 2015 Heather Rounds and Akim Reinhardt
First published in 2015 by Zenith Press, an imprint of Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc., 400 First Avenue North,
Suite 400, Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA. Telephone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
quartoknows.com
Visit our blogs at quartoknows.com
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the copyright
owners. All images in this book have been reproduced with the knowledge and prior consent of the artists concerned,
and no responsibility is accepted by producer, publisher, or printer for any infringement of copyright or otherwise,
arising from the contents of this publication. Every effort has been made to ensure that credits accurately comply
with information supplied. We apologize for any inaccuracies that may have occurred and will resolve inaccurate or
missing information in a subsequent reprinting of the book.
Zenith Press titles are also available at discounts in bulk quantity for industrial or sales-promotional use. For details
contact the Special Sales Manager at Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc., 400 First Avenue North, Suite 400,
Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN: 978-0-7603-4743-0
Digital edition: 978-1-62788-667-3
Hardcover edition: 978-0-76034-743-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rounds, Heather.
The twentieth century in one hundred moments : a visual history / Heather Rounds and Akim Reinhardt.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-7603-4743-0 (plc w/jacket)
1. United States--History--20th century--Pictorial works. 2. United States--Social life and customs--20th century--
Pictorial works. 3. United States--Civilization--20th century. I. Reinhardt, Akim D. II. Title.
E741.R68 2015
973.91--dc23
2015009518
Acquiring Editor: Elizabeth Demers
Project Manager: Madeleine Vasaly
Art Director: James Kegley
Cover Designer: Brad Norr
Layout Designer: Kim Winscher
Endpapers: Library of Congress
Printed in China
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CONTENT S
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
CELEBRITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
DISCOVERY AND INNOVATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
LIVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
STRUGGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
TRIUMPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
CODA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
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INTRODUCTION
The twentieth century has often been called the American bulbs replaced oil-burning lamps, cars and trucks replaced
Century, and understandably so. Perhaps no nation has so horses, and improvements in public health and education
thoroughly dominated world economy, culture, and politics the enhanced daily life for many.
way the United States did during the 1900s. In only a hundred As a nation, the United States was also expanding at
years’ time, the country transformed itself from an upstart a dizzying rate, both in size and in population. Four states
industrial power, tentatively competing with vast European were admitted to the union in 1889 alone, and another three
empires, to the world’s only true superpower, an international would be added before century’s end, putting forty-five stars
force so dominant that no other nation could imagine on the ever-changing flag. Meanwhile, huge new waves of
competing with it. In many ways, the twentieth century is a immigrants, mostly from Europe, had begun arriving in 1880.
story about the rise of the United States, of its victories and This flood of humanity would not slow substantially until the
innovations, of its success and influence. early 1920s, by which time more than twenty-three million
However, in the year 1900, America’s spectacular rise was new Americans had arrived.
hardly a foregone conclusion. The British and French empires By 1898, US ambitions had moved beyond North America.
were reaching their peaks of glory, wealth, and power. And That year, the United States initiated a major overseas war
while other empires, such as the Spanish, Ottoman, and for the first time. After picking a fight with Spain, it easily
Austro-Hungarian, were in decline, they had been important defeated the once-mighty European power, whose formerly
players on the world stage for many centuries and retained massive empire had been crumbling for centuries. After
much of their prestige. coasting to victory, the United States poached some of Spain’s
Meanwhile, the United States bubbled and percolated on remaining colonies in the Caribbean and the Pacific: Cuba,
the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, out of sight and, to some Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
degree, out of the minds of European imperial powers. Though With this aggressive overseas expansion, the United States
growing larger all the time, the United States as a nation was put the European empires on notice: no longer just a collection
barely a century removed from having been nothing more than of former British colonies, America was now a world power to
thirteen rural, cash-poor colonies among the British Empire’s be reckoned with. The United States was poised to capitalize
numerous overseas possessions. Indeed, many Americans on its recent growth, and the battering of Spain would prove a
themselves did not believe the United States was yet capable of harbinger of American expansion and success in the century
playing a dominant part in world affairs, or even that it should. to come.
And the tale of its meteoric rise during the twentieth century is With hindsight, it is apparent that the classical empires
also one of frequent struggle and more than occasional setback. such as the Ottoman Empire and Czarist Russia, with their
As Americans approached the twentieth century, they roots in the feudal systems of the medieval era, were
looked around and saw a country in flux. What had once been struggling to modernize and failing to do so in important ways.
a nation of farmers and small-town craftspeople was changing, None of the Eurasian empires would survive the Great War, as
as more and more people lived in bustling cities and worked in World War I was then known.
industrial factories. The rate of urbanization was unrelenting, Other, more industrial imperial powers—such as
and the 1920 census would reveal that, for the first time, a the French and British empires, which emerged during the
majority of Americans lived in cities. seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and the upstart
Technological innovations and discoveries also began to German and Japanese empires, which began flexing their
fundamentally change the way Americans lived their lives. Light muscles in the late nineteenth century—were successfully
6
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transitioning into modern nation-states. However, they Along the way, American scientific innovations and discoveries
too were on borrowed time. Wedded to visions of empire helped modernize the world.
that were rooted in the age of sail, their commitments to With the Cold War winding down during the late 1980s—
aggressive expansion would soon draw the world into conflict first after the USSR’s loss of control over its communist
yet again. All would either be utterly destroyed or severely satellite states in Eastern Europe and then with its own
crippled by 1945. collapse in 1991—the American Century would conclude
At the conclusion of World War II, the United States with the United States standing solo as the world’s only true
bestrode the globe like a colossus. While every other superpower. It seemed that there was simply no one left to
developed nation had suffered the ravages of invasion, the compete with it in a meaningful way.
United States emerged stronger than ever. The only real But the twentieth century was not an unbroken train
competition it faced was from the successor state to the old of American successes. Many people faced tremendous
Russian Empire. The communist regime of the Union of Soviet obstacles. Natural disasters, economic calamities, and warfare
Socialist Republics (more often referred to as the USSR or claimed countless victims. Sometimes Americans turned on
Soviet Union) had been America’s uneasy ally against Nazi each other. Racism, sexism, and economic exploitation drove
Germany, but relations between the two nations deteriorated wedges in society, granting privilege to some and gravely
quickly after the war. harming others, sometimes irreparably.
The ensuing Cold War between the two sides was Americans often worked hard to triumph over the
occasionally fierce. And before long, the Soviet acquisition obstacles, whether circumstantial or self-inflicted, that
of nuclear arms guaranteed that any actual warfare between confronted them. Not everyone witnessed tangible gains,
them would likely result in a suicidal draw. Fortunately, and most improvements were incremental, slowly accruing
direct armed conflict never materialized. Instead, the two over time. Nonetheless, by the end of the century, the
superpowers competed by building up their militaries, nation had made tremendous strides toward overcoming
gathering important allies, and extending their influence over its historical hurdles, at least to some degree, and in
the smaller nations of the world. recognizing other problems worthy of its peoples’ attention
Despite the fear and bravado on both sides, the Soviet and effort.
Union was never actually in a position to compete seriously However, no sooner had Americans started looking back with
with the United States economically. Inheriting a broken pride on what many proclaimed to be “their” century than they
economy from the Russian czars, absorbing tremendous were forced to struggle against dark forces on September 11,
damage during World War II, and mired in its own inefficiencies 2001. A harsh reminder of life’s frailties, the tragedies of that
and corruption, the USSR perpetually lagged far behind day brought Americans together while simultaneously exposing
America’s vast engine of wealth generation. the nation’s differences and vulnerabilities.
Likewise, Soviet culture never captivated the world to The American tale is still being written. And as their
anywhere near the degree that American culture did during ongoing story unfolds in the twenty-first century, Americans
the second half of the century. Tightly monitored by an are revealing something they have in common with the
authoritarian government, Soviet culture was often stern, rigid, Americans of a hundred years prior. They are showing
predictable, and sparse. Meanwhile, all across the globe, themselves to be determined to discover and innovate, to
people watched Hollywood movies, listened to American jazz share and be heard, to struggle and triumph, and to create
and rock-and-roll, and craved Coca-Cola and Levi’s jeans. better lives.
—Heather Rounds and Akim Reinhardt
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In 1601, William Shakespeare wrote: “Some are born exploits of a celebrity requires having disposable income
great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness for new leisure activities and products, such as tickets
thrust upon them.” to professional sporting events and the movies, or for
In Shakespeare’s time, greatness was equated with expensive new gadgets, such as radios and TVs.
fame. People might have become famous in different Another factor was the rise of cities. New urban
ways, as the Bard pointed out, but fame itself was centers soon became hubs for popular culture. And
predicated on the idea of “greatness.” That is, people people at the top of the new pop-culture heap, particularly
were famous because they were important. They mattered. entertainers such as athletes, musicians, and actors,
For most of human history, usually only a few people in became nationally famous. Eventually, some celebrities
each generation achieved fame. And they became famous would become famous for no other reason than having the
because they were powerful and influential members of desire and opportunity to have their picture taken.
society. Their actions were consequential. Politicians, Newfound fame afforded some celebrities, and more
generals, religious leaders, and a select few who deeply often the astute businesspeople connected to them,
influenced society in other ways were widely known for the opportunity for newfound wealth. Movie studios
what they had done, or what they had the power to do. promoted their stars. Sports teams profited as daily
Indeed, there have always been famous people. But to newspapers covered their players’ every move. Radio
be famous is not exactly the same as being a celebrity. collected sponsorship money from companies looking
To be a celebrity is to twist the age-old formula of fame. to associate with the latest singer or actor. Modern
Instead of being famous for having done something of celebrity meant not only wide recognition, but also the
consequence, most modern celebrities become famous potential for tremendous wealth. And so fame became
without fulfilling this prerequisite. In fact, many celebrities an end in and of itself, not just the by-product of having
will never do anything important at all. And while some of done something significant.
them will go on to do important things, it is being famous As the twentieth century opened, the United States
in the first place that gives celebrities the opportunity was pioneering a new path to fame. Ballplayers and actors
to be influential, the exact opposite of someone who could now rub elbows in the newspaper with presidents and
becomes famous because of significant action. popes. As US wealth, power, and prestige grew, particularly
Modern celebrity, as such, is a fairly recent after World War II, American celebrities were often famous
phenomenon. Before the twentieth century, very few worldwide, which has remained the case ever since.
people were famous without accomplishment. But as the Here in the twenty-first century, other countries have
1900s dawned, a series of developments made modern developed their own cities and popular cultures that
celebrity possible—and even promoted it. create their own celebrities. International soccer stars
Of vital importance was the rise of mass media. First routinely make headlines around the world, not just for
came national magazines in the late 1800s, followed their play on the field but for whom they date and marry.
in rapid succession by radio and motion pictures. All of The world’s largest film industry is not in Hollywood, but
these new media, including, eventually, television, helped “Bollywood” in Mumbai, India. K-pop, the Korean popular
create one large national audience instead of thousands culture that is wildly popular across most of East Asia,
of local ones. New technologies made it possible for produced global celebrity singer Psy, whose music video
individuals all across the United States to idolize the for the song “Gangnam Style” was viewed over two billion
same musicians, athletes, or movie stars as their fellow times on YouTube in less than two years.
Americans a thousand miles away. The American system of celebrity is now a global
The growth of the American economy and the rise phenomenon. And it all began right here, at the start of
of the middle class were also essential. Following the a new century.
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