The Science of the Mind PDF
Preview The Science of the Mind
C 1991 Massaehusells Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No pilft of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed and bound in the Uniled 51ates of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Flanagan. Owen J. The science of the mind/Owen Flanagan.-2nd I'd., rev. and expanded. p. em. "A Bradford book:· Includes bibliographical references and indexes, ISBN 978.(1·261-06137·7 (he.: alt. paper)-978..(J..162·56056·6 (pb. : alt. paper) I. Psychology-PhiI05Ophy_ History. 2. Philosophy of mind_ History. I. Title, BF38.F58 1991 150'.I--dc10 90·42948 CW 2019 lB 1716 15 14 13 12 11 Contents Acknowledgments IX Preface to the ~'colld Edition Xl Introduction XIII Ch.lpter I Minds and Bodies: Rene Descartes and the Possibility of a Science of the Mind 1 Oescar/t'S' Philosophy of Body: T/U' Reflcx Hypothesis. Dt'scarles' 1/1t' Philosoph.'! of Mind: Tllrrx Argllllll'IIIS Dualism. CUllrllIsitm. t(lf Sllggt'Sll'd Rt:Ildillgs. Chapter 2 t:::.-:-t~~"M:;;;;~lity alld Introspectiurl. Tuward II Theory of Consciolls MI'lIlai Lift'. Mimi ami Braill: Hmo Is COI/SciOIiS Menial Life RI'IlIiZt'd? Mlluralism (llId Free Will. CdUe/IIS/VII. SlIggestt-" Ri'IIdillgs. Chapler 3 Science and the Secret Self: The Case of Sigmund Freud 55 Frcud Oil/he Milld-Boily Problem Iwd PsycilUlogiml EXF/(IIwlioll. Psyciloollalysis alii/ Sdf-Kllvwlt'dSl'. Is PSycllfllllllllysis Sciclllilic? Ctmclllsioll. Suggt'sfl>d Rei/dings. Chapter 4 The Science of Behavior, Antimentalism, and the Good Life: The Philoso hical Ps chology of B. F. Skinner 83 Skinner's Crilique 0 Two Kinds u Mt'IIln is//!. T 1(' T/u:ore/icilil/'s Dilemma. Skillller Oil Self-Know/eds!'. Tilt' CcmL"t'pl uf III" "Opt'rIml": Sl'Il'(lioll b.1I COI/St'qUt'l/ct'S. Psycllo/O,'{lIllIld lire' Good Life. Cm/ellision. SII,'{.<,;esled Readings. Chapter 5 The Case for Cognitive-Developmental Psychology: Piaget and Kohlberg 119 Contents \'111 Cogllitil'l' Dcve/oplllcllt, Empiricism, ami Natipism. Slagl'S alltl Stmctlm·s. AssimilaliOlI, Accommodation, and Autoregulation. TIle COllstmctivisl's Fallacy. Piaget's Adl.'quacy Tlrt'Sis. COIlc/IISioll. wwrence Kolrlberg: DII/it's, Dilemmas, and Moral Stagt'S. Kolr/berg's Adequacy Tlresis. COllc/usioll. Suggested Readings by alld aoolll Piage/. Sugges/I'd Rt'atiill8s by ami a/10111 Kohll>erg. Chapter 6 Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence: Philosophical Assumptions and Implications 175 Cagllitille Sciellce: Ti,e Basic Program. Kallt, Cogllitille Sciellce, alilithe Allticipatioll of EXIJt!riellce. Trlll/sct'I/delltal Reasollillg: Two Experiments. Cogllilive Scienci' allli Self-Kllowledge. Cagllitive Science mId the Ullity of Mind. Cogllilive Sc;"IIO.' IIIld Rationality. Cogllitit't, Scit'lIct' alld tht' Mind-Braill Problem. Cvgllitive Sciellce and ti,e Charms of Good Old Fashiolled Arlificialllllelligt'lIct'. Pamlle/ Distrilmted Pr()(e~sillg, Call1lectiollislII, 111111 Biologicul Rel/lism. FOIlr Kiuds of Artificial 11I/l'Iligellce. Ten Objectilllls tr) Arlificialllltelligl'lIct'. COIlc/usioll. S/lggested Readillgs. Chapter 7 Minds, Genes, and Morals: The Case of E. O. Wilson's Sociobiology 265 The ConcelJlllal FOIII/datiolls of Sociobiology. Closing the Gellotype Phellotype Gal': The Opellillg Gambit. Closillg the Genotype-Phenotype Gnp: The New Argllment. Sociobiology alld Morality. COllellisioll. Sllggested Readillgs. Chapter 8 Consciousness 307 Cogllitiuism alld COllsciollSlless. ConsciOIlS Shyness alld tht' "New MyslerirTIls." Mimi, Brain. and E;'periCllCt!. The [VOllllioll of Danuill Machilles. Neural Damlillism. Self ami NOllself. Sel/sory QUlllia allli Nellml Veclors. EXllt:rielllial Sel/sitillity Vt'rSIlS Informalional Sensitivity. ltlel/tily Theory 10 a Firsl Approximatioll? Tire New Mysterialls' ReslKJlIse. A Critiqlle of lire New Mysterialls' Argllmellt. COl/sciolls II/essel/lialislll, Absellt Qualia, IImltlre Epipiu!IIumellalist Slispiciorl. Teleological FlilictiUlla/ism. Tire Self as the Ct'llter of Narralive Grallity. A Unified Theory of COllscio/lsness? Conc/usiOIl. Suggesled Readillgs. Notes 367 Bibliography 399 Name Index 411 Subject Index 417 Acknowledgments Ib egawnr itintgh ibso okd urintgh ea cademyieca 1r9 80-19w8hil1e Iw aso nl eavfer oWme llesCloelyl eagneda V isitiSncgh olaatHr a rvard UniversMiatnyy.p eoplhea veh elpemde getf romt hefi rstd raftto theb ooky oun owh aveb eforyeo u. RogeBrr ownP,a tricKiiat chReirc,h aLredrn erJ,o hMna cnamaraan,d JameMso orr eatdh ee arlidersatfa tn dg avev aluabgluei dance. DaviPdil lemeJre,r rSya metK,a thrTyonl beartn,d K enW inklgearv e sagaed vicoenp artso fl atderra fts. HowardG ardner, MGircihmealu dR,o bert SimBoanr,b arVao n EckarSdhte,l dWohni taen,d J eremy Wolfteh enr eexattdo p enultimate versiaonnd m adem anyh elpfsuulg gestions. JonathAadnl earn dJ oycWea lwortphr ovidceodn stasnutp poartn d thoughtcfulr iticiTshme.t woo ft hemp erformeedv ersye rvifcreo m helpimneg g etm y argumenitnss h apteo r eunitisnpgl iintfi nitivIe s. owet hemm y deepetshta nks. KareOnl soann dS usaSna wyehre lpewdi tthh eb ibliograanpdh y, Harrayn dB ettSyt antomny, e ditors, helpewdh at'm waakasel ready ani ntellecatnudap lelrsyo nalelxyci tinpgr oceesvse nm ores o. Ina ddititoomn y gratitutdoWe e llesCloelyl efgoesr u pporttihneg leavdeu rinwgh icthh eb ookw asf IrStc onceiavneddt oH arvardU ni versitfyohr o usimneg d urintgh ayte alro,w et hanktosm anyc olleagues att heC entefroA rd vancSetdu diyn tBheeh avioral SactSi teanncfeosr d Universiwthye,r Ies pentth es ummeorf 1 979w orkinogu ts everoafl thei deaosnt hec onnection �emtowreaeplnh ilosopahnydm orapls y cholowghyi cahp peairnt hibso okT.h ankasl stoo m anyc olleagues who participaitnJe edr rFyo dorI'nss tituotne " Psycholaongdyt he PhilosoopfhM yi nda"t t heU niversiotfWy a shingtionSn e attdlueri ng thes ummero f1 981f orh elpisnhga pmey thinkionngs omeo ft he philosophiiscsaulie nsc ognitive psyacnhdao rltoigfiyic nitaell ligence. Ia m grateftuolt heC ouncfiolr P hilosophical tShteuN daitieosn,a l Endowmentf otrh eH umanitieasn,dt heM elloFno undatifoonvr a rious reseagrrcahn wthsi chhe lpetdos uppotrth ipsr ojeLcats.bt u tn otl east, x Acknowledgments thanktsom y goodfr ienadn dc onstacnotm paniWoenl leslDeEyC's SYSTEM-2f0o mra nyt housanodfcs o nversatiino nEsM ACS,t hel an guagwee bothu nderstand. WelleslMeays,s achusetts Jul1y9 83 Prefatcothe e SeconEddi tion Iw asv ergyr atifbiyte hde r ecepttioot nh ef iresdti tioofTn h e Science ofth Mei ndB.y t het imeo ft hef ifptrhi ntiintbg e,c amcel eatrh aat seconedd itiosnh oulbde p roducteodk eepr eadearbsr eaosfts ome recednetv elopmeinntm si nds ciencTeh.e o riginal diosfcAI u ssion waso utdatbeedc auosfen eww orki nc onnectionainsdpm a raldliesl tributperdo cessCihnagp.t e6r h asb eens ubstantrieavlilsyte odr e fleetth eseex citinnge w developmenatnsdm, i norr evisihoanvse beemna dei na ltlh eo thecrh apteTrhse.o themra jocrh angien volves thea dditiooftn h en ewc hapt"eCro nsciousnTehsiscs.h "a ptreer flecmtys m ostre centth inkianbgo utth itsh eh ardest prionbt lheem sciencoeft hem indI.t augahs te minoanrc onsciousnients hses pring of1 989a ndh ada sv isitDoarns DennetMti,k eG azzanigPaa,t KitchCearr,o lRyins taGue,o rgeRse yD,a viRdo senthaanldB, o bV an GulicIka .m gratetfout lh emf ori nspirmien tgo g ivteh ep robleomf consciousnae sstsa bT.h eiird eaasr er eflecitnte hde n ewc haptaetr manyp ointIsa .m alsgor atetfout lh eS loaFno undatfioornm aking thesvei siptoss sibTlweo. c olleagfureosmW elleslpesyy'csh oldoegy partmeanntd f ellow memobfeo rursc ognitive science group, Mar gerLyu caasn dL arrRyo senbl(unmo wa tt heU niversoifCt ayl ifornia atR iversiadned)m ,y colleafgruoemp hilosopKheynW, i nklera,l so participatientd h es eminaIrt .h antkh ema ndt hew onderfgurlo up ofs tudenwthso s hareidnt hee xcitemTehnitss.e conedd itiiosdn e d icatteodt hem emoryo fm y belovberdo thPeert eHre. e nrichmeyd lifaen dt hel ivoefso ure ntifraem ilbye yond description. WelleslMeays,s achusetts May1 990 Introduction Psycholoagcyc,o rdtiont gh es tandafradb lsee,v erietdcs o nnection witphh ilosoipnh1 y8 79a ndb ecamae s cienAcrmec.h aisrp eculation wasa bandoniendf avoorfa rigoreomupsi riacpaplr oatcoht hes tudy ofm indM.e taphysaincdse pistemotlhougrsye maintehde h armless amusemenotfsf undamentuanlrleya limsitincd sw,h ilpes ychologists goto nw itsht udyitnhger eatlh ing. Fortunattehlesy e,p arathiaosnn o tl asteTdh.a nkisn p artt ot he recesnutr goefi nterienst th e cognitivea ssw ceilaelsn t coea s tr,e nd towarad m oren aturalsitsytloiefcp hilosopwhey a,r es eeitnhge r e emergenocfea n excitianngd f ruitfaulll iaanmcoen gp hilosophers, psychologainsdmt isn,d s cientigsetnse raTlhliybs.o oki si ntendaesd ac ontributtioto hni s renewed Ianil tIlt iratyno sc oert.o utt hev arious waysi nw hicphh ilosopahsiscuamlp tiaopnpse airna ,f feacftfl,i acntd, illumintahtese c ienocfme i ndC.o nversIeel xya,m inteh ei mplications thes cienocfme i ndh asf ortr aditionpahli losophical concerns. Someo ft hep hilosopihsiscuaIeld s i scuhsasv er eceivtehde imro st vivifdo rmulatiaonndsh avet aketnh eimro sts urpristiunrngsw ithin psycholotgihceaolr iseusc,ah s t hep robleomfs elf-knowilnep dsgye choanalaynsdit sh ep robleofmt heu nitoyfc onsciousinnce osgsn itive psycholoOgtyh.etr ra ditiopnhaill osophqiuceaslti hoanvse b eend e clared soordl ivsesdo lbvyep ds ychological stuhceahos tr hipee rso,b lem off rewei liln b ehaviortihsemq ,u estioofnt hei ncorrigiboifil nity trospecitinoc no gnitpisvyec holoagnydt, h em ind-bopdryo bleimn artificiianlt elligMeyn ocvee.r aglola ils t ob rinogu tt he wpahyi lo sophical cofingcuerrnwesi thin psycahnodlt oogi yn dictahteec on tribiuotnp sychoglyom akest ot hes olutioofns so mer eputedly unsolvapbhliel osopchoincuanld rums. It hinokfs cienecsep,e citahlehl uym ans ciencaessh, a vinagn arrative structIum reea.nt hiisnt wos enseFsi.r st, indtihveiodrouifaem lsi nd. areo ftefnru itfurlelayad s s toriaebso uwth att hem indi so rw oulbde likief c ertaians sumptiaobnosu itt p rovetdo be trueS.e condt,h e historoifpe ssy cholaongdyp hilosoopfhm yi ndt,a ketno gethceorm,- xiv Introduction prisae s erioefsc haptearmso ngw hicthh eriesi ntelliiginbtleer play betweeena rlainedrl atcehra pteFrusr.t hermtohrene a,rr atitvaek,e n asa w holoer i nt ermosfi tmsa joerp isodiensv,o lavleslso rotfsd rama. Theraer et het ragtihce oretfliacwasol r iginaitnui nnagr ticubluatt ed seeminngolbyl peh ilosopahsiscuamlp titohnesra;er em omentwsh en theoretsiicnagll e-mindbeodrnno efss hsa llbouwth onecsotm mitment to vai sipoany sg readti videntdhse;ra er et he" reinvenotfit ohnes wheelb"o rn off orgetfuolrnc eosmsm,i ssioofSn a ntayansai'nos f failtiona gt tetnodh istoarnydt; h eraert eh em omentosfu nquestionably greaitn sigbhyut n questiongarbelatyth inkers. My viewosn t hen arratsitvreu ctoufsr cei enacnedm y abiding con victitohnat th eriesm ucht ob el earnefdr omg reatth inkeervse,ni f theitrh eoraireesn owc onsidewrreodn go ro utdatheedl,ep x plain thes tructouftr hei bso okI.e xamicnrei tictahlewl ayy si nw hicihm portapnhti losopihsiscuaaelrs i swei thisne verdails titnhceto retical traditiIof nisni.dt m ostu seftuolo rganidzies cussiaorno untdh e viewosf s omem ajofri guraned,h aved ones oi na lblu tt hrecea ses. Withitnh efi eldosfc ognitsicviee nacnedA rtifiIcnitaell litgheenrcee aren oa greed-uspionngr leep resentaAtnidnv oeo sn.e heamse rged top rovildiet ohnee t ruteh eoroyf"c onsciousOnveesrsa.tl hle,c ast ofc haractienrcsl udReesn eD escartWeisl,l iJama mesS,i gmund FreuBd.,F .S kinnJeera,Pn i gae tL,a wrenKcoeh lbear mgi,x eldo otf philosopohfe rmsi ncdo,g nitpisvyec holoagnidsm tesm berosf t he artifiicnitaell ligaenndto snieea v,o lutiobniaorlyo gEi.Os .tW ,i lson. Iw ilhla ves ucceedbeymd y ownl ighitfIs p roviadnea ccouonft thes cienocfte h em indt haitn dicajtueshsto wp hilosophriiccaihlt lsy theoraireesa nda na ccouonftt hep hilosoopfhm yi ndt halto cates manyo fi tmsa inp robleamnsd c oncernisnt hea ctutahle orizoifn g minds cientFiosrtt hser. e ader, goingt htebh orooksu egqhu entiisa lly theb esstt ratebguytI, h avter iteodm akee acchh apter msotraeon rd lesosn i ts oswont hatth eb ookc an rbeea idn a nyo rdewri thoau t majolro stso t heo veraplrlo jeIcnto .r detroa ssitshteu ninitiaIt ed, havlei stseedv eruasle fiunltr oductitootn hsme a teruinadle dri scussion att hef oootf t hef irpsatg eo fe acchh aptaenrd,I h avei ncludae ldi st ofs uggesrteeadd inagtts h ee ndo fe acchh apter. Chapt1 er Mindasn dB odiReesn:De e scaarntdte hse Possiobfia l iStcyi etnhcMeei nodf Ib eginw itRhe neD escarttheesf ,a thoefmr o demp hilosobepchayu,s e Descarrtaeiss deidr,e cotril nyd irevcitrltyu,aa lltllh yes ignifiiscsaunets relatteotd h ef oundatioofnt sh es ciencoeft hem indHis. viewrse main forfr ieanndd f oea like-tshien gmloes ti nfluentfiraalm ewowrikt hin whicdhi scussoifot nhsep hilosophical asasnudim mpptliiocnasti ons ofp sycholtoagkype l ace. In1 66t3h,i rteen afyteheairrs sd eatahl,ol f D escartweosr'kw se re puto n theI ndeoxf t heR omanC atholCihcu rche,v ent houghhi s writincgosn taitnweodp rooffosrt hee xisteonfcG eo da sw elals a r gumentfso rt hei ncorporeaanldii tmym ortaloiftt hye h umans oul. Descartweassa t hrebaetc auhseet ookt hes cienocfhe i dsa yso seriously thahte c onsideerxetde ndiGnagl ilemoe'csh aniccoanlc eptioofnt he physicuanli vertsohe u manb ehaviDoers.c artceosn'c lustihoantt h e prograomfa mechantihcmesi ncdoou fln do ti np rincispulcec eweads immatertiota hleC hurcDhe.s cartheasdd aretdot hintkh eu nthinkable. Heh ad tatkheepn r incifrpolmeh si wsr itinognsm eteorosp,ti cmsa,t h ematicsa,n dm echaniacnsd c onsidetrheedia rp plicabtiolh iutmya n phenomenDae.s cardtiedts h ibsy d eveloptihnecg o nceopftt her fleex, au niotfm echanical, prdeedtiecrministtiacb alceti,o ann,d b ye xamining thep otenteixapll anatpoorwyeor f t hacto ncept. DescaPrhtielso'os fto hpBeho yd Tyh:Re e flHeyxop thesis Descarhtaedsa modecll osaeth andt hastu ggesttheedp otenteixal planatpoorwye orf t hec onceopftt h er efleTxh.e F rencRho yaGla rdens, a veritasbelvee nteenth-Dciesnnteuyrlya cnodn,t ainae sdm all-scale socieotfhy y drauliccoanltrloyl lreobdo tcso,n structseodt haotn caec tivatbeyad n i nvisiwbalteefl ro wt hemyo vedm,a des oundasn,d e ven played muisnisctruamle nts. Thebes t introductitooDn esc artes' philosophoyfmin d ishis DiscoounMrs eet hPoartsd , IVa nVd( 6137a)n,hd is M editaItI,iI Vo,I(n 1s4,61 ).
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