The SAGE Handbook of Spatial Analysis

526 Pages·2009·7.42 MB·English

by  A Stewart Fotheringham, Peter A. Rogerson

The SAGE
Handbook of
Spatial Analysis
The SAGE
Handbook of
Spatial Analysis
Edited by
A. Stewart Fotheringham and
Peter A. Rogerson
Los Angeles • London • New Delhi • Singapore
Editorial arrangement and Chapter 1 © Stewart Fotheringham, Peter A. Rogerson 2009
Chapter 2 © Robert Haining © 2009 Chapter 14 © Luc Anselin 2009
Chapter 3 © David Martin 2009 Chapter 15 © D. Ballas, G. P. Clarke 2009
Chapter 4 © Urška Demšar 2009 Chapter 16 © Lance Waller 2009
Chapter 5 © Shashi Shekhar, Vijay Gandhi, Pusheng Chapter 17 © Andrew B. Lawson, Sudipto
Zhang, Ranga Raju Vatsavai Banerjee 2009
Chapter 6 © Marie-José Fortin, Mark R.T. Dale 2009 Chapter 18 © Peter A. Rogerson 2009
Chapter 7 © David Wong 2009 Chapter 19 © Geoffrey M. Jacquez,
Chapter 8 © Robin Dubin 2009 Jaymie R. Meliker 2009
Chapter 9 © Peter M. Atkinson, Christopher Chapter 20 © Manfred M. Fischer 2009
D. Lloyd 2009 Chapter 21 © Harvey J. Miller 2009
Chapter 10 © Eric Delmelle 2009 Chapter 22 © Morton E. O’Kelly 2009
Chapter 11 © Chris Brunsdon 2009 Chapter 23 © Atsuyuki Okabe, Toshiaki Satoh 2009
Chapter 12 © Vincent B. Robinson 2009 Chapter 24 © Michael F. Goodchild 2009
Chapter 13 © A. Stewart Fotheringham 2009 Chapter 25 © Reginald G. Golledge 2009
First published 2009
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Acknowledgement: Research presented in Chapter 13 was supported by a grant to the National Centre for
Geocomputation by Science Foundation ireland (03/RP1/1382) and by a Strategic Research Cluster grant
(07/SRC1/1168) from Science Foundation ireland under the National Development Plan. The author gratefully
acknowledges this support.
Contents
Notes on Contributors vii
1. Introduction 1
A. Stewart Fotheringham and Peter A. Rogerson
2. The Special Nature of Spatial Data 5
Robert Haining
3. The Role of GIS 25
David Martin
4. Geovisualization and Geovisual Analytics 41
Urška Demšar
5. Availability of Spatial Data Mining Techniques 63
Shashi Shekhar, Vijay Gandhi, Pusheng Zhang and Ranga Raju Vatsavai
6. Spatial Autocorrelation 89
Marie-Josée Fortin and Mark R.T. Dale
7. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) 105
David Wong
8. Spatial Weights 125
Robin Dubin
9. Geostatistics and Spatial Interpolation 159
Peter M. Atkinson and Christopher D. Lloyd
10. Spatial Sampling 183
Eric Delmelle
11. Statistical Inference for Geographical Processes 207
Chris Brunsdon
vi CONTENTS
12. Fuzzy Sets in Spatial Analysis 225
Vincent B. Robinson
13. Geographically Weighted Regression 243
A. Stewart Fotheringham
14. Spatial Regression 255
Luc Anselin
15. Spatial Microsimulation 277
D. Ballas and G. P. Clarke
16. Detection of Clustering in Spatial Data 299
Lance A. Waller
17. Bayesian Spatial Analysis 321
Andrew B. Lawson and Sudipto Banerjee
18. Monitoring Changes in Spatial Patterns 343
Peter A. Rogerson
19. Case-Control Clustering for Mobile Populations 355
Geoffrey M. Jacquez and Jaymie R. Meliker
20. Neural Networks for Spatial Data Analysis 375
Manfred M. Fischer
21. Geocomputation 397
Harvey J. Miller
22. Applied Retail Location Models Using Spatial Interaction Tools 419
Morton E. O’Kelly
23. Spatial Analysis on a Network 443
Atsuyuki Okabe and Toshiaki Satoh
24. Challenges in Spatial Analysis 465
Michael F. Goodchild
25. The Future for Spatial Analysis 481
Reginald G. Golledge
Index 487
Notes on Contributors
Andrew B. Lawson is Professor in the Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and
Epidemiology at the Medical University of South Carolina. His research interests focus
on the development of statistical methods in spatial and environmental epidemiology,
disease surveillance, health data mining and space–time problems, directional statistics and
environmetrics. Professor Lawson is aWHO advisor in Disease Mapping and RiskAssessment.
He has a wide range of publications in the area of epidemiology, including 8 books and over
20 book chapters, and he gave numerous invited courses on spatial epidemiology in the UK,
Sweden, Belgium, New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the USA.
Atsuyuki Okabe received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania and the degree
of Doctor of Engineering from the University of Tokyo. He is currently Professor of the
Department of Urban Engineering at the University of Tokyo where he served as Director of
the Center for Spatial Information Science (1998–2005). Professor Okabe’s research interests
include GIS, spatial analysis, and spatial optimization, and he has published many papers
in journals, books and conference proceedings on these topics. He is a co-author of Spatial
Tessellations: Concepts and Applications of Voronoi Diagrams (John Wiley, 2000), the editor
of GIS-based Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Taylor & Francis, 2005). He
serves on the Editorial Boards of seven international journals including International Journal
of Geographical Information Science.
Chris Brunsdon is Professor of geographic information at the Department of Geography,
Leicester University. His research interests include the methodologies underlying spatial
statistical analysis and GIS. In particular he is interested in the analysis of crime patterns,
house prices and health-related data. Professor Brunsdon has played a role in the development
of Geographically Weighted Regression, a technique of analysis that models geographical
variations in the relationships between variables. He is member of Editorial Board of Computers
Environment and Urban Systems.
Christopher D. Lloyd is Lecturer in the School of Geography,Archaeology and Palaeoecology
at the Queen’s University, Belfast. His research interests focus on the analysis of spatial data
(in both social and environmental contexts), geostatistics, spatial analysis, remote sensing and
archaeology. His research key concern has been with the use and development of local models
for spatial analysis. Dr Lloyd is author of Local Models for Spatial Analysis (Boca Raton: CRC
viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Press, 2006) and co-author of The Atlas of the Island of Ireland: Mapping Social and Economic
Change (Maynooth: AIRO/ICLRD, 2008).
David Martin is Professor in the School of Geography, University of Southampton. He is
director of the ESRC Census Programme and a co-director of the ESRC National Centre for
Research Methods. His research interests include socioeconomic application of GIS, census
population modeling, census geography design and geography of health. He is co-editor of
GIS and Geocomputation (Taylor and Francis, 2000), The Census Data System (Wiley, 2002)
and Methods in Human Geography: a Guide for Students Doing a Research Project, Second
Edition (Pearson, 2005). Professor Martin is a member of the editorial advisory boards of
Transactions in GIS, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers and associate editor
of the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society – Series A: Statistics in Society.
David W. Wong is Professor in the Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, at
George Mason University. His research interests fall into three main categories: investigating
the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) effects; spatial dimensions of segregation and
ethnic diversity; and GIS applications of spatial analytical techniques. He has co-authored two
books: Statistical Analysis with ArcView (Wiley & Sons, 2001) and Statistical Analysis and
Modeling of Geographic Information (Wiley & Sons, 2005). He has served as reviewer for
various journals, funding agencies and organizations. He is on the editorial board of several
journals: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Geographical Analysis, and Journal of
Geographic Information Sciences.
Dimitris Ballas is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of
Sheffield. He received his PhD in Geography from the University of Leeds in 2001. His research
interests include economic geography; spatial dimensions of socio-economic polarisation and
income and wealth inequalities; socio-economic applications of GIS; geographical impact of
area-based and national social policies; basic income policies; and social justice; geography of
happiness and well-being. He is the lead author of the book “Geography matters: simulating
the impacts of national social policies” and a co-author of the books “Post-Suburban Europe:
Planning and Politics at the Margins of Europe’s Capital Cities” and “Poverty, wealth and
place in Britain, 1968 to 2005”. He has fifteen papers in peer-reviewed international academic
journals, eight peer-reviewed edited book chapters and over fifty conference papers.
Eric Delmelle is Assistant Professor in the Geography and Earth Sciences Department at the
University of North Carolina (Charlotte) where he teaches GIS, geovisualization and spatial
optimization. He received his PhD in geography from the State University of New York at
Buffalo. His research interests focus on spatial sampling optimization and geostatistics, non-
linear allocation problems, geovisualization and GIS.
Geoffrey M. Jacquez is President of BioMedware Incorporated, and Adjunct Associate
Professor of Environmental Health Sciences at the University of Michigan. He received
his PhD from the Department of Ecology and Evolution at State University of New York
at Stony Brook. Dr. Jacquez develops and applies spatial statistics to elucidate underlying
space–time processes in the environmental, biological and health sciences. His research
includes applications in disease clustering, epidemiology, environmental monitoring and
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ix
population genetics. Dr. Jacquez is currently Principal Investigator on three grants from the
National Cancer Institute to develop spatial statistical methods and software. He also publishes
extensively in the fields of spatial statistics, GIS and epidemiology.
Graham Clarke is Professor in the School of Geography, Faculty of Environment at the
University of Leeds. His research interests include GIS, urban services, retail and business
geography, urban modelling and geography of crime, income and welfare. Dr Clarke is
co-author of Geography Matters (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005), and Retail Geography
and Intelligent Network Planning (Wiley, Chichester, 2002). He is committee member of
The Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences, Executive Director of Regional
Science Association International and serves on the Editorial Board of European Journal of
Geography.
Harvey J. Miller is Professor and Chair of the Department of Geography at the University of
Utah. His research and teaching interests include GIS, spatial analysis and geocomputational
techniques applied to understanding how transportation and communication technologies shape
individual lives and urban morphology. Since 1989, he has published approximately 50 papers
in journals, books and conference proceedings on these topics. He is co-author of Geographic
Information Systems for Transportation: Principles and Applications (Oxford University Press,
2001) and co-editor of Geographic Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (Taylor and Francis,
2001) and Societies and Cities in the Age of Instant Access (Springer, 2007). Harvey serves on
the editorial boards of several scientific journals and in 2005–2011 he is serving as co-Chair
of the Transportation Research Board, Committee on Spatial Data and Information Science of
U.S. National Academies.
Jaymie R. Meliker isAssistant Professor of Preventive Medicine in the Medical Center at State
University of New York at Stony Brook. He received his PhD in 2006 from the Department of
Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health. Dr. Meliker’s
research contributes to the fields of exposure science, GIScience, health geography, and envi-
ronmental epidemiology by developing methodologies for integrating sources of spatial, tempo-
ral, and spatio-temporal variability in environmental health applications. Prior to joining Stony
Brook, he worked as a Research Scientist at BioMedware, Inc., pioneering the development
of spatio-temporal software and statistical algorithms for addressing public health concerns.
Luc Anselin is Faculty Excellence Professor and Director of the Spatial Analysis Laboratory
in the Department of Geography at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He is also a
Senior Research Associate at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at UIUC.
Dr. Anselin’s research deals with various aspects of spatial data analysis and geographic
information science, ranging from exploratory spatial data analysis to geocomputation, spatial
statistics and spatial econometrics. He has published widely on topics dealing with spatial and
regional analysis, including a much cited book on Spatial Econometrics (Kluwer, 1988); over
a hundred refereed journal articles and book chapters, as well as a large number of reports and
technical publications.
Lance A. Waller is Professor in the Department of Biostatistics at the Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University. His research involves the development of statistical methods