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THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MASS MEDIA ETHICS This fully updated second edition of the popular handbook provides an exploration of thinking on media ethics, bringing together the intellectual history of global mass media ethics over the past 40 years, summarizing existing research and setting future agenda grounded in philosophy and social science. This second edition offers up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of media ethics, including the ethics of sources, social media, the roots of law in ethics, and documentary film. The wide range of contributors include scholars and former professionals who worked as journalists, public relations professionals, and advertising practitioners. They lay out both a good grounding from which to begin more in-depth and individualized explorations, and extensive bibliographies for each chapter to aid that process. For students and professionals who seek to understand and do the best work possible, this book will provide both insight and direction. Standing apart in its comprehensive coverage, The Routledge Handbook of Mass Media Ethics is required reading for scholars, graduate students, and researchers in media, mass communication, journalism, ethics, and related areas. Lee Wilkins is Professor Emerita at the Missouri School of Journalism and Wayne State University. Clifford G. Christians is Research Professor of Communications, Professor of Media Studies and Professor of Journalism Emeritus at the University of Illinois. THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MASS MEDIA ETHICS Second Edition Edited by Lee Wilkins and Clifford G. Christians Second edition published 2020 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 Taylor & Francis The right of Lee Wilkins and Clifford G. Christians to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2008 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-68132-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-68133-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-54592-9 (ebk) Typeset in Times LT Std by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK CONTENTS List of Contributors ix Introduction xi Lee Wilkins and Clifford G. Christians PART I: FOUNDATIONS 1 A Philosophically Based Inquiry into the Nature of Communicating Humans 3 Wayne Woodward 2 A Short History of Media Ethics in the United States 16 John P. Ferré 3 Essential Shared Values and 21st Century Journalism 30 Deni Elliott 4 Moral Development: A Psychological Approach to Understanding Moral Decision Making 43 Renita Coleman and Lee Wilkins 5 On the Unfortunate Divide between Media Ethics and Media Law 59 Theodore L. Glasser and Morgan N. Weiland 6 The Search for Universals 73 Thomas W. Cooper and Clifford G. Christians 7 Justice in Media Ethics 88 Shakuntala Rao PART II: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 8 Truth and Objectivity 101 Stephen J. A. Ward v vi CONTENTS 9 Photojournalism Ethics: A 21st Century Primal Dance of Behavior, Technology, and Ideology 115 Julianne H. Newton 10 Diversity Requires Ethics Change 133 Ginny Whitehouse 11 The Ethics of Advocacy: Moral Reasoning in the Practice of Public Relations 148 Sherry Pack Baker 12 The Ethics of Propaganda and the Propaganda of Ethics 163 Jay Black 13 Exploring Latin American Advertising Ethics: Legislation and Self-Regulation 180 Salvador R. Victor 14 Moral Problems and Ethical Issues in China’s Media 209 Jiang Zhan 15 Perspectives on Pornography Demand Ethical Critique 221 Wendy Wyatt and Kristie Bunton 16 Violence 234 Patrick Lee Plaisance 17 The Eroding Boundaries between News and Entertainment and What They Mean for Democratic Politics 252 Bruce A. Williams and Michael X. Delli Carpini 18 What Can We Get Away With? The Ethics of Art and Entertainment in the Neoliberal World 264 Angharad N. Valdivia 19 Culture Is Normative 276 Chad Painter PART III: CONCRETE ISSUES 20 Justice as a Journalistic Value and Goal 293 David A. Craig 21 Transparency in Journalism: Meanings, Merits, and Risks 308 Kyle Heim and Stephanie Craft 22 Coercion, Consent, and the Struggle for Social Media 321 Kevin Healey CONTENTS vii 23 Digital Ethics in Autonomous Systems 336 Michael Bugeja 24 Peace Journalism 356 Seow Ting Lee 25 Toward an Institution-based Theory of Privacy 374 Lee Wilkins and Philip Patterson PART IV: INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 26 Islamic Reform for Democracy and Global Peace 391 Haydar Badawi Sadig 27 Buddhist Moral Ethics: Intend No Harm, Intend to Be of Benefit 404 S. Holly Stocking 28 Communitarianism 418 Mark Fackler 29 Feminist Media Ethics 433 Linda Steiner 30 Spatial Ethics and Freedom of Expression 453 David S. Allen 31 Media Ownership, Autonomy, and Democracy in a Corporate Age 465 Matthew P. McAllister and Jennifer M. Proffitt 32 The Media in Evil Circumstances 479 Robert S. Fortner 33 Ethical Tensions in News Making: What Journalism Has in Common with Other Professions 496 Sandra L. Borden and Peggy Bowers Index 510 CONTRIBUTORS David S. Allen Renita Coleman University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee University of Texas Milwaukee, Wisconsin Austin, Texas Sherry Pack Baker Thomas W. Cooper Emerita Emerson College Brigham Young University Boston, Massachusetts Provo, Utah Stephanie Craft Jay Black University of Illinois Emeritus Urbana, Illinois University of South Florida David A. Craig St. Petersburg, Florida University of Oklahoma Sandra L. Borden Norman, Oklahoma Western Michigan University Deni Elliott Kalamazoo, Michigan University of South Florida Peggy Bowers St. Petersburg, Florida Independent Scholar Mark Fackler Boston, Massachusetts Emeritus Michael Bugeja Calvin University Iowa State University Grand Rapids, Michigan Ames, Iowa John P. Ferré Kristie Bunton University of Louisville Texas Christian University Louisville, Kentucky Fort Worth, Texas Robert S. Fortner Michael X. Delli Carpini Research Scholar University of Pennsylvania University of Illinois Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Urbana, Illinois Clifford G. Christians Theodore L. Glasser Emeritus Emeritus University of Illinois Stanford University Urbana, Illinois Stanford, California ix