The RF in RFID: Passive UHF RFID in Practice

505 Pages·2007·17 MB·English

by  Daniel M. Dobkin

The RF in RFID
Thispageintentionallyleftblank
The RF in RFID
Passive UHF RFID in Practice
Daniel M. Dobkin
• • •
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON
• • •
NEWYORK OXFORD PARIS SANDIEGO
• • •
SANFRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Dobkin,DanielMark.
TheRFinRFID:passiveUHFRFIDinpractice/DanielM.Dobkin.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-7506-8209-1
1.Radiofrequencyidentificationsystems.2.Radiofrequency–Identification.3.Wirelesscommunication
systems.I.Title.
TK6553.D592007
621.384–dc22
2007027647
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ISBN:978-0-7506-8209-1
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Contents
Chapter1: Introduction..................................................... 1
1.1 What,When,andWhere,Wirelessly...................................... 1
1.2 WhyWouldYouReadThisBook? ....................................... 2
1.3 WhatComesNext?..................................................... 3
1.4 Acknowledgments...................................................... 4
1.5 FurtherReading........................................................ 4
Chapter2: HistoryandPracticeofRFID...................................... 7
2.1 ItAllStartedwithIFF................................................... 7
2.2 MakingitCheap........................................................ 9
2.3 MakingandSelling: TrackingBigStuff................................... 15
2.4 TrackingSmallStuff: AutoIDandTheWebofThings...................... 19
2.5 RFIDSystemsandTerminology.......................................... 22
2.6 TypesofRFID ......................................................... 24
2.6.1 FrequencyBandsforRFID...................................... 24
2.6.2 Passive,Semipassive,andActiveTags............................ 34
2.6.3 CommunicationsProtocols...................................... 42
2.7 TheInternetofThingsandUHFRFID.................................... 46
2.8 FurtherReading........................................................ 48
2.8.1 History........................................................ 48
2.9 Exercises.............................................................. 49
Chapter3: RadioBasicsForUHFRFID...................................... 51
3.1 ElectromagneticWaves.................................................. 51
3.2 DescribingSignalVoltageandPower..................................... 55
3.3 Information,Modulation,andMultiplexing................................ 58
3.4 BackscatterRadioLinks................................................. 68
3.5 LinkBudgets........................................................... 73
3.5.1 ReaderTransmitPower......................................... 75
3.5.2 PathLoss...................................................... 75
3.5.3 TagPowerRequirement......................................... 77
3.6 EffectofAntennaGainandPolarizationonRange......................... 80
3.7 PropagationintheRealWorld ........................................... 93
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Contents
3.8 CapsuleSummary: Chapter3............................................ 99
3.9 FurtherReading........................................................ 100
3.9.1 SignalandSignalProcessing.................................... 100
3.9.2 BackscatterLinks .............................................. 100
3.9.3 Antennas...................................................... 100
3.9.4 ReflectionfromDielectricSurfaces .............................. 101
3.10 Exercises.............................................................. 101
Chapter4: UHFRFIDReaders.............................................. 103
4.1 ARadio’sDays(andnights)............................................. 103
4.2 RadioArchitectures..................................................... 107
4.3 RadioComponents ..................................................... 110
4.3.1 Amplifiers..................................................... 112
4.3.2 Mixers ........................................................ 126
4.3.3 OscillatorsandSynthesizers..................................... 133
4.3.4 Filters......................................................... 144
4.3.5 Digital-AnalogConversion...................................... 151
4.3.6 CirculatorsandDirectionalCouplers............................. 155
4.4 RFIDTransmitters...................................................... 159
4.4.1 TransmitterArchitectures ....................................... 160
4.4.2 TransmitPowerEfficiency ...................................... 168
4.4.3 PhaseandAmplitudeNoise ..................................... 171
4.5 RFIDReceivers ........................................................ 175
4.5.1 ReceiverArchitectures.......................................... 176
4.5.2 DCOffsetsandRecovery ....................................... 179
4.5.3 PhaseandAmplitudeNoiseandSensitivity ....................... 180
4.5.4 ExampleDesignCalculations.................................... 181
4.6 Digital-AnalogConversionandSignalProcessing.......................... 184
4.7 PackagingandPower ................................................... 187
4.8 CapsuleSummary...................................................... 187
4.9 FurtherReading........................................................ 189
4.9.1 RFICDesign................................................... 189
4.9.2 Analog-digitalconversion....................................... 189
4.9.3 Amplifiers..................................................... 190
4.9.4 Mixers ........................................................ 190
4.9.5 ReaderArchitectureandSignalProcessing........................ 190
4.10 Exercises.............................................................. 191
Chapter5: UHFRFIDTags................................................. 195
5.1 PowerandPowerlessness................................................ 195
5.2 RFtoDC.............................................................. 197
5.3 GettingStarted,GettingData ............................................ 207
5.4 TalkingBack........................................................... 210
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Contents
5.5 TagICOverallDesignChallenges........................................ 220
5.6 Packaging: NoSmallMatter............................................. 222
5.7 OtherWays............................................................ 230
5.8 CapsuleSummary...................................................... 234
5.9 FurtherReading........................................................ 235
5.9.1 TagICDesign.................................................. 235
5.9.2 ChipAssemblyTechniques...................................... 236
5.9.3 ConductiveInks................................................ 236
5.9.4 SAWtags...................................................... 237
5.9.5 organicICs.................................................... 237
5.10 Exercises.............................................................. 237
Chapter6: ReaderAntennas ................................................ 241
6.1 NotJustforInsectsAnymore............................................ 241
6.2 CurrentEvents: FundamentalsofAntennaOperation....................... 242
6.2.1 GotGain? ..................................................... 243
6.2.2 Polarization.................................................... 249
6.2.3 ImpedanceandBandwidth ...................................... 254
6.2.4 ThePatchAntenna ............................................. 260
6.2.5 It’sAllOntheDatasheet(ExceptthePrice!) ...................... 267
6.3 AntennasforFixedReaders.............................................. 268
6.3.1 DoorsandPortals .............................................. 268
6.3.2 InterferenceandCollocation..................................... 271
6.3.3 ConveyorAntennaConfiguration ................................ 274
6.4 AntennasforHandheldorPortableReaders............................... 278
6.5 Near-fieldAntennas..................................................... 284
6.6 CablesandConnectors.................................................. 287
6.7 CapsuleSummary...................................................... 295
6.8 Afterword: AnElectron’sEyelash........................................ 296
6.9 FurtherReading........................................................ 297
6.9.1 GeneralAntennaTheoryandPractice ............................ 297
6.9.2 ExoticReaderAntennaConfigurations ........................... 297
6.10 Exercises.............................................................. 298
Chapter7: TagAntennas....................................................305
7.1 WorldtoTag,TagtoWorld.............................................. 305
7.2 ImpedanceMatchingandPowerTransfer ................................. 306
7.3 DipolesandDerivatives................................................. 314
7.3.1 WigglingWires ................................................ 315
7.3.2 MatchLwithLofL............................................ 319
7.3.3 GettingLoaded................................................. 321
7.3.4 FatandThin................................................... 323
vii
Contents
7.3.5 FoldingUp .................................................... 327
7.3.6 Polarization.................................................... 330
7.3.7 RadarScatteringCross-Section.................................. 332
7.4 Tagsandthe(local)Environment......................................... 336
7.4.1 NearbyObjects................................................. 336
7.4.2 NearbyTags................................................... 345
7.5 Near-fieldandHybridTagAntennas...................................... 352
7.6 CapsuleSummary...................................................... 354
7.7 FurtherReading........................................................ 355
7.8 Exercises.............................................................. 357
Chapter8: UHFRFIDProtocols.............................................361
8.1 WhataProtocolDroidShouldKnow..................................... 361
8.2 DaysofYore........................................................... 370
8.3 EPCglobalGeneration1................................................. 374
8.3.1 EPCglobalClass0.............................................. 375
8.3.2 EPCglobalClass1Generation1................................. 385
8.4 ISO18000-6B(Intellitag) ............................................... 393
8.5 ISO18000-6C(EPCglobalClass1Generation2).......................... 398
8.5.1 OverviewandTagMemoryOrganization ......................... 400
8.5.2 ReaderandTagSymbolsandCoding............................. 402
8.5.3 PacketStructure................................................ 413
8.5.4 MediumAccessControl......................................... 416
8.5.5 StatesandCommands........................................... 423
8.5.6 NormalOperationandKeyUserParameters....................... 427
8.5.7 ProtocolPerformanceandLinkTiming........................... 433
8.5.8 ConcludingRemarks ........................................... 436
8.6 CapsuleSummary...................................................... 437
8.7 FurtherReading........................................................ 438
8.7.1 GeneralCommunicationsProtocols.............................. 438
8.7.2 RFIDProtocols: TheSourceDocs ............................... 439
8.7.3 RFIDProtocols: MoreInformation............................... 439
8.7.4 RFIDProtocols: SecurityandPrivacy............................ 440
8.8 Exercises.............................................................. 440
Afterword................................................................. 445
Appendix1: RadioRegulations .............................................. 447
A1.1 Couldn’tWaitforGlobalWarming....................................... 447
A1.2 FCCPART15.......................................................... 449
A1.3 EuropeanStandards..................................................... 453
A1.4 ThoseOtherFewBillionFolks........................................... 456
viii
Contents
Appendix2: HarmonicFunctions.............................................459
A2.1 SinesandCosines ...................................................... 459
A2.2 ComplexNumbersandComplexExponentials............................. 460
Appendix3: Resistance,ImpedanceandSwitching..............................467
A3.1 ElectricCompanyDetectiveSherlockOhms............................... 467
A3.2 ResistanceisUseless?................................................... 470
A3.3 Switching.............................................................. 475
Appendix4: ReflectionandMatching......................................... 477
A4.1 ReflectionCoefficients.................................................. 477
A4.2 ASimple(ButRelevant)MatchingExample .............................. 480
Index......................................................................485
ix