The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War: Revolutionary Violence in Madrid PDF
Preview The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War: Revolutionary Violence in Madrid
The‘RedTerror’andtheSpanishCivilWar ThisbookdealswithoneofmostcontroversialissuesoftheSpanishCivil War(1936–9):the‘RedTerror’.Approximately50,000Spaniardswere extrajudicallyexecutedinRepublicanSpainfollowingthefailureofthe military rebellion in July 1936. This mass killing of fascists seriously underminedattemptsbythelegallyconstitutedRepublicangovernment topresentitselfinforeignquartersasfightingawarfordemocracy.This study,basedonawealthofscholarshipandarchivalsources,challenges thecommonviewthatexecutionsweretheworkofcriminaloranarchist ‘uncontrollables’.ItsfocusisonMadrid,whichwitnessedatleast8,000 executionsin1936.Itshowsthattheterrorwasorganizedandcarried outwiththecomplicityofthepoliceandarguesthatterrorwasseenas integral to the antifascist war effort. Indeed, the elimination of the internalenemy–the‘fifthcolumn’–wasregardedasimportant asthe waronthefrontline. JuliusRuizhaswrittenwidelyontheSpanishCivilWarandtheFranco regime.Hisfirstbook,Franco’sJustice:RepressioninMadridafterthe SpanishCivilWar,waspublishedin2005andinSpanishtranslationin 2012.Hissecondbook,Elterrorrojo:Madrid1936,waspublishedin 2012andiscurrentlyinitsthirdprinting.Itwonthe2012HislibrisPrize forthebestnonfictiontitlepublishedinSpainandwaswidelyreviewed intheSpanishpress.RuizhaspublishedarticlesinBritish,American,and Spanish journals such as Contemporary European History, Journal of ContemporaryHistory,andHistoríayPolítica.Hehasreviewedbooks foralargenumberoftitles,includingEnglishHistoricalReviewandLa RevistadeLibros.HeisamemberoftheBritishRoyalHistoricalSociety. ‘ ’ The Red Terror and the Spanish Civil War Revolutionary Violence in Madrid JULIUS RUIZ UniversityofEdinburgh 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107054547 ©JuliusRuiz2012,2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. FirstpublishedinSpanishasElterrorrojo.Madrid1936byEspasaLibros FirstEnglisheditionpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Ruiz,Julius,1973– The‘redterror’andtheSpanishCivilWar/JuliusRuiz. pages cm ISBN978-1-107-05454-7(hardback) 1. Spain–History–CivilWar,1936–1939–Atrocities. 2. Madrid (Spain)–History–Siege,1936–1939. 3. Extrajudicial executions–Spain–History–20thcentury. 4. Political persecution–Spain–History–20thcentury. I. Title. DP269.53.R85 2014 946.08101–dc23 2013044463 ISBN978-1-107-05454-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents AbbreviationsandSpanishTerms pageix Preface xi Introduction 1 TheFigures 3 Historiography 4 ‘Checas’inMadrid? 6 PrincipalTheses 8 ANoteaboutSources 14 1 OntheBrink 16 TheElectionsofFebruary1936 16 AntifascistAction,FascistReaction 23 MadridAnarcho-syndicalism 32 TheMilitaryConspiracy 36 TheKillingofCalvoSotelo 39 2 TheMilitaryRebellion 42 RumoursandMobilisation 42 TheBotchedRebellion 48 TheBattleContinues 51 3 AntifascistMadrid 61 ThoseWhoTalkofChaosAreLying! 61 TheEmergenceofRevolutionaryTribunals 66 TheNoble‘People’ 72 4 ForgingtheNewPolice 81 CleansingthePolice 81 TheAntifascistCriminalInvestigationPolice 87 TheCreationoftheProvincialCommitteeofPublicInvestigation(CPIP) 101 v vi Contents 5 TheJusticeofthePeople 106 TheUnspokenFear 106 TheCPIPandtheNetworkofTerror 110 Gangsterismo 121 Women 138 VenturingFurtherAfield 140 6 IfItIstheWillofthePeople... 145 ResponsestotheTerror 145 TwoExceptions:ManueldeIrujoandMelchorRodríguez García 149 BourgeoisRepublicansandtheTerror 151 TheJaénTrains 153 TheDeathofGeneralEduardoLópezOchoa 156 TheCárcelModeloMassacre 158 7 PopularTribunalsandtheRearguardVigilanceMilitias(MVR) 170 TheCollapseofRepublicanJustice? 171 TheFailureofthePopularTribunals 175 TheCreationoftheRearguardVigilanceMilitias(MVR) 180 8 AFifthColumn? 185 OriginsoftheTerm‘FifthColumn’ 185 SurvivalNotResistance 188 ProtectingtheFamily 198 9 ThePrisonProblem 201 TheFifthColumnPanic 201 PrisonLife 205 PrisonConspiracies:CPIPAction,GovernmentInaction 211 TheFlightofAgapitoGarcíaAtadellfromMadrid 217 TheCPIPTakesCharge 221 10 Paracuellos 231 TheMeeting 231 TheSacasof7–9November(I):AWell-oiledMachine? 238 TheSacasof7–9November(II):VictimsandPerpetrators 246 ResistanceandForeignIntervention:MelchorRodríguez StopstheEvacuations 257 TheDissolutionoftheCPIP 263 TheOperationResumes–theSacasfromVentas,SanAntón, andPorlier 271 TheEndoftheMassacres 279 11 TheDirtyWaragainsttheFifthColumn 284 TheSpecialBrigades 284 PoliceReform,1937–1938 294 TheMilitaryInvestigationService(SIM) 298 Contents vii 12 DealingwiththeLegacyoftheTerror:ForcedLabourforFascists 1937–1939 304 TheSelectivePunishmentof‘Uncontrollables’ 305 TheCreationofLabourCamps 313 TheEndofGarcíaOliver’sDream 320 Epilogue 324 TheHuntersBecometheHunted 324 RedTerror,BlueTerror 332 Annex1 Post-curfewPasswordsIssuedbyPoliceHeadquarters inMadrid 339 Annex2 TheNetworkofTerror 341 Annex3 PrisonsinMadridAutumn1936 343 Annex4 EvacuationsfromMadrid’sPrisons28Octoberto 4December1936 345 SourcesConsulted 347 Archives 347 NewspapersandOfficialBulletins 349 CitedBibliography 351 Maps 363 GlossaryofKeyFigures 369 Index 377
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