The psychology research handbook: a guide for graduate students and research assistants PDF
Preview The psychology research handbook: a guide for graduate students and research assistants
FM-Leong-4742.qxd 8/8/2005 11:30 AM Page i The Psychology Research Handbook Second Edition FM-Leong-4742.qxd 8/8/2005 11:30 AM Page ii To Sandy, Kate, and Emily, whose love I cherish each day. F.T.L.L. To Jennifer Renée Austin and to Marilyn Marie Willhoff for their love. J.T.A. FM-Leong-4742.qxd 8/8/2005 11:30 AM Page iii The Psychology Research Handbook Second Edition A Guide for Graduate Students and Research Assistants Frederick T. L. Leong University of Tennessee, Knoxville James T. Austin The Ohio State University FM-Leong-4742.qxd 7/25/2005 5:12 PM Page iv Copyright © 2006 by Sage Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320| E-mail: [email protected] Sage Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The psychology research handbook: A guide for graduate students and research assistants / edited by Frederick T.L. Leong and James T. Austin. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7619-3021-3 (hardcover) — ISBN 0-7619-3022-1 (pbk.) 1. Psychology—Research—Methodology. I. Leong, Frederick T. L. II. Austin, James T. BF76.5.P795 2006 150′.72—dc22 2005009534 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 05 06 07 08 09 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson Editorial Assistant: Karen Ehrmann Production Editor: Diane S. Foster Copy Editor: Robert Holm Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Kevin Gleason Indexer: Molly Hall Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya FM-Leong-4742.qxd 7/25/2005 5:12 PM Page v C ONTENTS Foreword ix Anthony J. Marsella Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Scripts for Research: Thoughts on the Organization of the Psychology Research Handbook xiii James T. Austin Frederick T. L. Leong PART I. RESEARCH PLANNING 1 1. Research as a Script 3 Douglas A. Hershey Joy M. Jacobs-Lawson Thomas L. Wilson 2. Finding a Research Topic 23 Frederick T. L. Leong Douglas J. Muccio 3. Bibliographic Research 41 Jeffrey G. Reed Pam M. Baxter 4. Reviewing and Evaluating a Research Article 59 Kathryn C. Oleson Robert M. Arkin 5. Program Evaluation: Concepts and Perspectives 75 James W. Altschuld James T. Austin PART II. DESIGN, INSTRUMENT SELECTION OR DEVELOPMENT, AND SAMPLING 91 6. Designing a Research Study 93 Bruce E. Wampold 7. Evaluating and Selecting Psychological Measures for Research Purposes 104 Madonna G. Constantine Joseph G. Ponterotto FM-Leong-4742.qxd 7/25/2005 5:12 PM Page vi 8. Designing Surveys and Questionnaires for Research 114 Robert D. Goddard III Peter Villanova 9. Scale Development 125 John W. Lounsbury Lucy W. Gibson Richard A. Saudargas 10. Applying Sampling Procedures 147 William C. McCready 11. Statistical Power 161 Brett Myors PART III. DATA COLLECTION 173 12 Applying for Approval to Conduct Research With Human Participants 175 Don M. Dell Lyle D. Schmidt Naomi M. Meara 13. Conducting Mail and Internet Surveys 186 Alan Vaux Chad S. Briggs 14. Conducting Telephone Surveys 210 Peter Y. Chen Yueng-hsiang Huang 15. Collecting Data in Groups 227 Stephen J. Zaccaro Meredith Cracraft Michelle Marks PART IV. DATA ANALYSIS 239 16. Cleaning Up Data and Running Preliminary Analyses 241 David L. DiLalla Stephen J. Dollinger 17. Qualitative Methods 254 Howard R. Pollio T. R. Graves Michael Arfken 18. A Basic Guide to Statistical Research and Discovery: Planning and Selecting Statistical Analyses 275 Charles A. Scherbaum 19. Basic Statistical Analyses 293 David N. Dickter 20. Using Advanced Statistics 306 Lisa A. Steelman Paul E. Levy FM-Leong-4742.qxd 7/25/2005 5:12 PM Page vii 21. Conducting a Meta-Analysis 315 Harris Cooper Jorgianne Civey Robinson Nancy Dorr 22. Archival Data Sets: Revisiting Issues and Considerations 326 Barbara H. Zaitzow Charles B. Fields PART V. RESEARCH WRITING 343 23. Writing in APA Style: Why and How 345 Robert F. Calderón James T. Austin 24. Writing Rough Drafts 360 Christopher Peterson 25. Revising a Research Manuscript 370 Donna K. Nagata Steven J. Trierweiler 26. Dealing With Journal Editors and Reviewers 381 Samuel H. Osipow PART VI. SPECIAL TOPICS 387 27. Coordinating a Research Team: Maintaining and Developing a Good Working Laboratory 389 Dennis L. Molfese & Colleagues 28. Multilevel Research 401 David Chan 29. Computational Modeling 419 Michael J. Zickar 30. Applying for Research Grants 433 John G. Borkowski Kimberly S. Howard 31. Cross-Cultural Research Methodology 443 Kwok Leung Fons J. R. Van de Vijver 32. Applying Theories to Research: The Interplay of Theory and Research in Science 455 Charles J. Gelso 33. The Research Script: One Researcher’s View 465 Richard E. Petty Index 481 About the Editors 505 About the Contributors 507 FM-Leong-4742.qxd 7/25/2005 5:12 PM Page viii FM-Leong-4742.qxd 7/25/2005 5:12 PM Page ix F OREWORD T he first edition of The Psychology Research Handbook: A Guide for Graduate Students and Research Assistants, published in 1996, quickly established itself as a standard text and reference work for students seeking to master research methods and procedures in psychology. Now, almost a decade later, the editors, Frederick Leong and James Austin, have produced a second edition with new chapters, chapter authors, and expanded coverage of material that will once again place the volume among those works that are essential reading for psychology students seeking to under stand the complexities of research. Like the first edition, the second offers a comprehensive guide for understanding and informing the entire research process. It’s all here in clear and lucid prose: From identifying a research topic to applying for research grants, the reader is treated to an intellectually stimulating and fun-filled journey into the world of psychology research. The second edition volume contains 34 chapters, 5 more than the prior edition. As was the practice for the first edition, many of the chapters are coauthored by advanced grad uate students all too familiar with pains and joys of conducting research. Like the first edition, the chapters in the second edition follow the flow of the research process from the initial concern for a topic to the eventual endpoint of negotiat ing with journal editors. The second edition offers chapters on some of the new develop ments in research conceptualization and data processing, including multilevel research, computational modeling, and meta-analyses. The sequential flow of the research process offers the reader a natural accumulation of information, each chapter building on the material of the prior one and preparing the reader for the following one. This organization makes the handbook an ideal text for psychology students. Yet, I found that although the collection and flow of chapters is the volume’s strength, any chapter can be pulled from the rest and can stand independently for those seeking information about some specific aspect of the research process. For example, anyone wanting to better under stand qualitative methods would consult Chapter 17 on qualitative methods for an updated overview of the many developments in this important approach that is reshap ing our notions about data collection, interpretation, and analysis. Unlike other research handbooks that are filled with arcane material and ponderous writing that frighten the budding researcher because they assume levels of conceptual and technical sophistication that are far beyond the skills and talents of newcomers to the research process, the second edition of The Psychology Research Handbook is writ ten and designed for students. The complexities and challenges of research are there and cannot be denied, but they are explicated and readily understandable. This volume has the potential to spark a lifelong love affair with the psychology research process. Of special value are a dozen chapters on topics typically missing from other texts, includ ing cross-cultural research (Chapter 31), dealing with journal editors and reviewers ix
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