The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements PDF
Preview The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements
The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan In order to understand the Pakistani state and government’s treatment of non-dominant ethnic groups after the failureof the militaryoperation in East Pakistan and the independence of Bangladesh, this book looks at the ethnic movementsthat were subject to a militaryoperation after 1971: the Balochin the 1970s, the Sindhis in the 1980s and the Mohajirs in the 1990s. The book critically evaluates the literature on ethnicity and nationalism by taking nationalist ideology and the political divisions which it generates within ethnic groups as essential in estimating ethnic movements. It goes on to challenge the modernist argument that nationalism is only relevant to modern industrialised socio-economic settings. The available evidence from Pakistan makes clear that ethnic movements emanate from three distinct socio-economic realms: tribal (Baloch), rural (Sindh) and urban (Mohajir), and the book looks at the implications that this has, as well as how further arguments could be advanced about the relevance of ethnic movements and politics in the Third World. It provides academics and researchers with background knowledge of how the Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir ethnic conflicts in Pakistan took shape in a historicalcontextaswellasprobablefuturescenariosoftherelationshipbetween thePakistanistateandgovernment,andethnicgroupsandmovements. Farhan Hanif Siddiqi isAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofInternational Relations at the Universityof Karachi, Pakistan. He specialises in theories of nationalism and ethnicity, ethnic conflict and ethnic movements in Pakistan. Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series 1 Pakistan 10 HumanDevelopment andSocial Socialandcultural transformations Power inaMuslimnation PerspectivesfromSouthAsia MohammadA.Qadeer AnanyaMukherjeeReed 2 Labor,Democratization and 11 TheSouthAsianDiaspora Development inIndiaandPakistan Transnationalnetworksand ChristopherCandland changingidentities EditedbyRajeshRaiand 3 China–IndiaRelations PeterReeves Contemporarydynamics AmardeepAthwa 12 Pakistan–JapanRelations Continuityandchangeineconomic 4 MadrasasinSouthAsia relations andsecurityinterests Teachingterror? 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Critiquing theKeralamodelof EditedbyJonathanGoodhand, development JonathanSpencerand K.RaviRaman BenedictKorf 39 Microcredit andWomen’s 49 Pakistan’sStability Paradox Empowerment Domestic,regionalandinternational AcasestudyofBangladesh dimensions AmunuiFaraizi,JimMcAllister and EditedbyAshutoshMisraand TaskinurRahman MichaelE.Clarke 40 SouthAsiaintheNewWorldOrder 50 Transforming UrbanWaterSupplies Theroleofregional cooperation inIndia ShahidJavedBurki Theroleofreformandpartnerships inglobalization 41 ExplainingPakistan’sForeignPolicy GovindGopakumar EscapingIndia AparnaPande 51 SouthAsianSecurity Twenty-firstcenturydiscourse 42 Development-induced Displacement, SagarikaDuttandAlok Bansal Rehabilitation andResettlement inIndia 52 Non-discrimination andEquality in Currentissuesandchallenges India EditedbySakaramaSomayajiand Contestingboundariesofsocial SmrithiTalwar justice VidhuVerma 43 ThePolitics ofBelonginginIndia BecomingAdivasi 53BeingMiddle-Class inIndia EditedbyDanielJ.Rycroft and Awayoflife SangeetaDasgupta HenrikeDonner 44 Re-Orientalism andSouthAsian 54 Kashmir’sRightto Secede IdentityPolitics Acritical examinationof Theoriental Otherwithin contemporarytheoriesofsecession EditedbyLisaLauandAnaCristina Matthew J.Webb Mendes 55 BollywoodTravels 45 Islamic RevivalinNepal Culture,diasporaandborder Religionanda newnation crossingsinpopularHindi MeganAdamsonSijapati cinema RajinderDudrah 46 EducationandInequalityinIndia Aclassroomview 56 Nation,Territory,andGlobalization ManabiMajumdarandJosMooij inPakistan Traversingthemargins 47 TheCulturalizationofCaste inIndia ChadHaines Identityandinequality ina multicultural age 57 ThePolitics ofEthnicity BalmurliNatrajan inPakistan TheBaloch, Sindhi andMohajir 48 CorporateSocialResponsibilityin ethnic movements India FarhanHanifSiddiqi BidyutChakrabarty The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir ethnic movements Farhan Hanif Siddiqi Firstpublished2012 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2012FarhanHanifSiddiqi TherightofFarhanHanifSiddiqitobeidentifiedasauthorofthiswork hasbeenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78ofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation withoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Siddiqi,FarhanHanif. ThepoliticsofethnicityinPakistan:theBaloch,SindhiandMohajirethnic movements/FarhanHanifSiddiqi. p.cm.–(RoutledgecontemporarySouthAsiaseries;57) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-415-68614-3(hardback)–ISBN978-0-203-12308-9(ebook) 1.Pakistan–Politicsandgovernment–1971-1988.2.Pakistan–Politics andgovernment–1988-3.Pakistan–Ethnicrelations. 4.Pakistan–History–Autonomyandindependencemovements.5.Ethnic groups–Politicalactivity–Pakistan.6.Ethnicconflict–Pakistan. 7.Ethnicity–Pakistan.8.Nationalism–Pakistan.I.Title. DS384.S462742012 305.80095491–dc23 2011040537 ISBN:978-0-415-68614-3(hbk) ISBN:978-0-203-12308-9(ebk) TypesetinTimesNewRoman byTaylor&FrancisBooks Contents Acknowledgements viii 1 Introduction 1 2 Nationalism, politics of ethnicity and the state 8 3 The state and politics of ethnicity in post-1971 Pakistan 28 4 Balochistan: ethnic politics in a tribal setting 52 5 Sindh: ethnic politics in a rural setting 75 6 The Mohajirs: ethnic politics in an urban setting 95 7 Conclusion 112 Notes 120 Bibliography 141 Index 148 Acknowledgements The present book is aproduct of my doctoral thesiswhich I completed at the Universityof Karachi. Aswith the doctorate, a lot of hardwork, perseverance and patience have gone into the completion of the book. It would have been utterly impossible for me to sustain the hard work and perseverance without the active support, encouragement and love of the people around me. First of all, thanks aredue to my supervisor, Prof. Dr Moonis Ahmar, who has taught me the virtues of hardwork and professionalism in both teaching and research. His support to the present project and my work is commendable as well as the fact that he stood by me and guided me throughout. Specialthanksarealsoduetoformerstudents,AghaAbdulSattar,Mushtaq Rajpar and Fahim Raza for arranging interviews with Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajirnationalistsaswellasprovidingrelevantsourcematerial.Thestaffat Routledge, in particular, Dorothea Schaefter and Jillian Morrison have been mosthelpfulinguidingmethroughoutthepublicationprocessaswellasagreeing toanextensioninthesubmissionofthefinalmanuscript.Thanksalsotothetwo anonymous reviewers who provided excellent feedback on the chapters and suggestions on how to improve the draft further. The book is dedicated to my wife Sabeen and son Faris. Despite coming from acompletelydifferentacademic background, Sabeentook activeinterest inmysubjectontheBaloch,SindhisandMohajirsandsawtoitthatIstuckto deadlines and finished the work in time. To her, I am most thankful for all the love and emotional support as well as her propensity to talk me through tough times, when I found it hard to concentrate. This book would not have seen the light of the day without her presence in my life. Farhan Hanif Siddiqi Karachi 6 August 2011 1 Introduction The political history of Pakistan since independence can be neatly divided into its pre-1971 and post-1971 phases. The year 1971 is an important watershed in Pakistan’s political history, for it was in this year that Pakistan earned the distinction of being the first state in the post-warerato experience disintegration. The storyof East Pakistaniswell researched and documented, signifying the plight of the Bengali populace and the political, economic, socialandculturalpoliciesthatthePakistanistateinstitutedindenyingpower and participation to its own people. The present work seeks to move beyond 1971, to critically evaluate the new Pakistan’s treatment of its non-dominant ethnic groups. The story of post-1971 Pakistan, as will be seen, is not mark- edly different from pre-1971 Pakistan. In more ways than one, the Pakistani state and its despotic powers continued to manifest themselveswith the same force and intensity in the post-1971 era. In this important phase, the range of ethnopolitical actors increased with the addition of an assertive Sindhi and Mohajir ethnic movement, while the Baloch ethnic movement remained potent, aswas the case before the separation of East Pakistan.1 In moving towards the post-1971 phase of the state of ethnic politics and movementsin Pakistan,twopreliminary thoughts informed my interestin the subject: 1 What lessons, if any, had the Pakistani state learned in the aftermath of thesecessionofEastPakistanwhereanarmy-ledmilitaryactionagainstthe AwamiLeagueresultedindisintegrationofthePakistanination(s)state? 2 An initial review of post-1971 Pakistan revealed a picture of increased ethnic conflict highlighted by military action against the Baloch in the 1970s, against the Sindhis in the 1980s and Mohajirs in the 1990s. Ethnic conflict and ethnic movements in post-1971 Pakistan had certainly not abated but had shown a remarkable tendency to rise. Before moving further, it is prudent to designate the key features of the post-1971 state as distinct from the pre-1971 Pakistani state: 1 In terms of territory and geography, the post-1971 Pakistani state was distinct from the pre-1971 state as the province of East Pakistan had
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