The Pathologic Anatomy of Mycoses: Human Infection with Fungi, Actinomycetes and Algae PDF
Preview The Pathologic Anatomy of Mycoses: Human Infection with Fungi, Actinomycetes and Algae
HANOBUCH DER SPEZIELLEN PATHOLOGISCHEN ANATOMIE UNO HISTOLOGIE BEGRONDET VON O. LUBARSCH F. HENKE UNO FORTGEFOHRT VON R. ROSSLE HERAUSGEGEBEN VON E. UEHLINGER ZORICH DRITTER BAND ATMUNGSWEGE UNO LUNGEN HERAUSGEGEBEN VON E. UEHLINGER ZORICH FUN FTER TEll SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN· HEIDELBERG· NEW YORK 1971 THE PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY OF MYCOSES HUMAN INFECTION· WITH FUNGI ACTINOMYCETES AND ALGAE BY ROGER DENIO BAKER AND A. ANGULO O .. C. BARROSO-TOBILA . L. M. CARBONELL R. CESPEDES F. . E. W. CHICK . B. M. CLARK· O. DUQUE G. M. EDINGTON · B. F. FETTER· J. H. GRA HAM · D. J. GUIDRY R. W. HUNTINGTON, JR . . H. ICHINOSE . G. K. KLINTWORTH H.1. LURIE· L. N. MOHAPAT!A . J. MORENZ . H. S. NIELSEN, JR. J. C. PARKER, JR . . C. E. PENA . P. PIZZOLATO · L. POLLAK K. SALFELDER . ]. SCHWARZ· ]. P. WIERSEMA H.1. WINNER · D.]. WINSLOW WITH 796 FIGURES 2 IN COLOR SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN· HEIDELBERG · NEW YORK 1971 ISBN-13: 978-3-642-80572-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-80570-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-80570-7 A special US·edition is available under the title: BAKER. Human Infection with Fungi, Acti nomycetes and Algae This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. © by Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg 1971. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 25-11247. Soflcovcr reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971 The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as nnderstood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks act, may accordingly be nsed freely by anyone. HUMAN INFECTION WITH FUNGI, ACTINOMYCETES AND ALGAE BY ROGER DENIO BAKER AND A. ANGULO O .. C. BARROSO-TOBILA . L.M.CARBONELL R. CESPEDES F. . E. W. CHICK· B. M. CLARK· O. DUQUE G. M. EDINGTON· B. F. FETTER· J. H. GRAHAM· D. J. GUIDRY R. W. HUNTINGTON, JR .. H. ICHINOSE . G. K. KLINTWORTH H. I. LURIE· L. N. MOHAPAT~A . ]. MORENZ . H. S. NIELSEN, JR. J. C. PARKER, JR .. C. E. PENA . P. PIZZOLATO· L. POLLAK K. SALFELDER . J. SCHWARZ· J. P. WIERSEMA H. I. WINNER· D.]. WINSLOW SPECIAL EDITION OF HANDBUCH DER SPEZIELLEN PATHOLOGISCHEN ANATOMIE UND HISTOLOGIE 11115 WITH 796 FIGURES 2 IN COLOR SPRINGER -VERLAG NEW YORK· HEIDELBERG· BERLIN 1971 TSBN-13: 978-3-642-80572-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-80570-7 DOT: 10.1007/978-3-642-80570-7 Special edition of Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, Band III/5 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-Ilse of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to he determined by agreement with the publisher_ © by Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg 1971 . Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72 -160 588. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1971 The use ofgenerai descriptive names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as nnderstood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Preface Half a century ago our knowledge of mycoses, especially pulmonary mycoses, was rather fragmentary. It was limited to rare case reports as oddities. Accordingly, in the "Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie" the chapter on lung diseases caused by budding and spore-forming fungi by J. WATJEN (Halle) took up as little as 27 pages. Only ARNDT (G6ttingen) could report on several cases from which he made his observations on actinomycotic changes of the lungs and pleura. Since then our knowledge of mycoses has deepened and expanded in an unpre dictable manner. This progress was mainly due to research and publications in the USA and South America. In Central Europe the number of cases of mycoses has increased during the last two decades, being reported especially as a second disease in patients with spontaneous or iatrogenic destruction of the bone marrow after treatment of cancer with cytostatic agents. The number of known types of pathogenic fungi has increased. The knowledge of their types and conditions of growth have given rise to a subspecialty. Therefore, a great need has arisen for a new edition of the chapter on mycoses in the Henke Lubarsch-Roessle Handbook of Special Pathological Anatomy and Histology. The publishers as well as the editors had the great fortune to find as author Prof. ROGER D. BAKER, who himself has contributed substantially to the know ledge of human mycoses. It is thanks to Prof. Baker that a large number of eminent scientists could be won as co-authors. Today, under his guidance, a complete handbook on human infection with Fungi, Actinomycetes and Algae has been written. At the present time no other book exists which describes so extensively the fundamentals of human mycology, including taxonomy, clinical aspects, epidemiology, and pathological anatomy. For all the great progress of the past decades we should not forget that 50 years ago MAX ASKANAZY wrote, for the textbook of General Pathology edited by LUDWIG ASCHOFF, a substantial and thoughtful chapter on fungi as germs. Among his illustrations there is a marvelous colorprint of an aspergilloma of the lungs. This, an early milestone, should not get lost among the abundance of genuine and supposed newer discoveries. Zurich/Heidelberg 1971 Prof. Dr. E. UEHLINGER Contents List of Authors XV Introduction. . . XVII General Chapters (Chapter I-III) Chapter I: The Scope and General Pathology of Human Infection with Fungi, Actinomy- cetes, and Algae. R.D. BAKER, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA The Causative Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Fungus Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Distribution and Epidemiology of Fungus Diseases. . . . . . 2 How Pathogenic Fungi Infect Man. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Mycoses Associated with Lowered Host Resistance, and Caused by Fungi which are usually Nonpathogenic and "Opportunistic" . 4 Fungi as Inflammatory Irritants . . . . . 4 Tissue Changes in Fungus Diseases. . . . . . 5 Morbidity and Mortality in Mycotic Disease . . 6 The Demonstration of Fungi in Tissues . . . . 6 Examination for Fungi at Postmortem Examination and in Surgical Specimens 9 Infection by Actinomycetes 10 Infection by Algae 10 References. . . . . . . . 10 Chapter II: Mycology of the Agents Producing Deep Mycoses. J. SCHWARZ, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (With 21 Figures). . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Different Mechanisms of Conversion from M to Y Phase 12 Blastomyces Dermatitidis . . . . . . . . 13 Blastomyces (Paracoccidioides) Brasiliensis 17 Histoplasma Capsulatum . 19 Histoplasma Duboisii. . . 23 Sporotrichum Schenckii. . 24 Cryptococcus Neoformans . 27 Candida Albicans. . 29 Coccidioides Immitis 31 Dematiaceous Fungi 34 References. . . . . 36 Chapter III: Ultrastructure of Human Pathogenic Fungi and Their Mycoses. L. M. CARBONELL, Caracas, Venezuela (With 25 Figures) 38 Introduction. 38 Methods. . . . . 38 Cell Wall . . . . 39 The Cell Contents 45 Developmental Studies 50 Action of Drugs on Fine Structure of Pathogenic Fungi 54 Action of Ultrasound on Pathogenic Fungi 55 Fine Structure of Mycoses ...... 55 Actinomyces, Nocardia and Streptomyces 58 Concluding Remarks 63 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 The Great Endemic Mycoses (Chapter IV-VII) Chapter IV: Histoplasmosis. J. SCHWARZ, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (With 35 Figures) . 67 Definition . 66 History .. 66 Contents VII Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Geographic Pathology. . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Mycology ................ . 69 Staining of Histoplasma Capsulatum in Tissues. 71 Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . 75 The Primary Lesion in the Lung 79 Histoplasmoma . . . . . 84 Cavitary Histoplasmosis . 87 "Epidemic" Histoplasmosis 90 The Spleen ...... . 92 The Liver ....... . 95 Bone-Marrow, Bone and Joints 95 Lymph Nodes . . . . . . . . 98 Lymphoma and Histoplasmosis 102 Heart and Mediastinum . . . . 103 Interpretation of Indirect Diagnostic Methods 105 Adrenals ......... . 107 Mucocutaneous Histoplasmosis 109 Larynx ....... . III Gastrointestinal Tract 112 Genitourinary System. . 115 Brain, Meninges and Eye 116 Associated Diseases. 119 References. . . 121 Chapter V, Part 1: African Histoplasmosis. G.M. EDINGTON, Ibadan, Nigeria (With 1 Figure) 131 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Chapter V, Part 2: African Histoplasmosis. J. SCHWARZ, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 The Organism H. Duboisii Vanbreuseghem 139 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Chapter VI: Coccidioidomycosis. R. W. HUNTINGTON, Jr., Bakersfield, California, USA (With 36 Figures) 147 I. Definition, Synonomy . . . . . 147 II. History . . . . . . . . . . . 150 a) Clinical and Pathologic Studies 150 b) Character and Ecology of the Organism 161 III. Biology . . . . 167 a) The Fungus . . . . 167 b) The Infection 170 IV. Geographical Pathology 172 V. Diagnosis . . . . 174 a) Skin Tests . . . 175 b) Serologic Studies 176 c) Wet Mounts. . 177 d) Cultures. . . . 178 VI. Pathologic Anatomy. 179 a) Basic Pathologic Processes 179 b) Sources of Material . . . . 181 c) Lesions in Fatal Coccidioidomycosis. 183 VII. Categories of Grave and Fatal Coccidioidomycosis 187 VIII. Demonstration of Coccidioides in Tissue Sections 199 Mycelial Phase - C. Immitis in Tissue 201 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 VIII Contents Chapter VII: Dermal Pathology of Superficial Fungus Infections. J. H. GRAHAM, Irvine, California, USA, and C. BARRoso·ToBILA, Maracaibo, Venezuela (With 156 Figures) 211 Introduction. . . . . 211 Material and Methods. 212 Tinea Capitis 214 1. Introduction 214 2. Microsporum Audouinii and Microsporum Canis 215 3. Microsporum Gypseum . . . . . . . . . . . 230 4. Trichophyton Schoenleinii ......... 233 5. Trichophyton Mentagrophytes . . . . . . . . 239 6. Trichophyton Tonsurans and Trichophyton Sulfureum 243 7. Trichophyton Violaceum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 8. Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Tinea Barbae, Tinea Faciei, Tinea Corporis, Tinea Manuum, Tinea Cruris, Tinea Pedis and Tinea Unguium. . . . 257 1. Introduction .. . . . . . 257 2. Trichophyton Rubrum . . . 258 3. Trichophyton Mentagrophytes 292 4. Trichophyton Verrucosum. . 304 5. Trichophyton Violaceum . . 308 6. Trichophyton Concentricum . 310 7. Trichophyton Tonsurans and Trichophyton Sulfureum 313 8. Trichophyton Epilans. . . . . . . . . . . . 315 9. Microsporum Audouinii and Microsporum Canis 321 10. Microsporum Gypseum . . . 325 11. Epidermophyton Floccosum . 332 Cutaneous Candidiasis. . 335 Tinea Versicolor . . . . 342 Pityrosporum Folliculitis 347 Tinea Nigra 352 Piedra . . 359 Erythrasma 370 References. 377 Infections by Fungi That Are Commonly Primary Pathogens (Chapter VIII-XV) Chapter VIII: Cryptococcosis. K. SALFELDER, Merida, Venezuela (With 68 Figures) 383 Definition . 383 History. . . . . . 384 Incidence . . . . . 385 Associated Diseases 388 Epidemiology 390 Mycology . . . . . 393 Pathogenesis 401 Pathology 405 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis 436 Clinical Aspects 439 Animals. . 441 References. . . 445 Chapter IX: North American Blastomycosis. E.W. CHICK, Lexington, Kentucky, USA (With 40 Figures) 465 Definition. . . . . . . . . . 465 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . 466 a) Geographical Distribution 466 a) Cases from North America (USA and Canada) 466 fi) Cases outside North America 466 b) Age Distribution . 466 c) Sex Distribution . 468 d) Racial Distribution 468 e) Occupation 468 Contents IX f) Epidemics . . . . . . . . . . 469 g) Natural Occurrence of Organism 470 Mycology . . . . . . . . . . 470 a) Cultural Characteristics 470 p) Clinical Specimens . . 474 y) Animal Inoculation. . 475 Pathogenesis and Immunology. 475 Pathology. . . . . . . 476 a) General Pathology 476 b) Special Pathology 479 Lung . . . . . . . 479 Skin. . . . . . . . 481 Bone . . . . . . . 485 Genitourinary Tract . 486 Liver and Spleen . . 491 Other Organs. . . . 493 Central Nervous System 497 Clinical Features 500 Therapy. . . 502 References. . . . . 503 Chapter X: Paracoccidioidomycosis. A. ANGULO 0., and L. POLLAK, Caracas, Vene- zuela (With 70 Figures) . 507 History. . . . 507 Etiology . . . 507 Epidemiology . 511 Portal of Entry 513 Histopathology 514 Clinical Forms . 523 Mucocutaneous Lesions 525 a) Mucosal Lesions. 527 b) Cutaneous Lesions. 529 Pulmonary Lesions. . . 531 Lesions of Lymph Nodes 542 Lesions of the Spleen. . 543 Lesions of the Nervous System. 545 Lesions of the Cardiovascular System . 545 Lesions of the Digestive System . 547 Hepatic Lesions . . . . . . 550 Pancreatic Lesions . . . . . 551 Lesions of Endocrine Glands . 551 Urinary Tract . . . . . . . 554 Lesions of the Genital System 554 Osteoarticular Lesions. . . . 555 Paracoccidioidomycosis in Association with other Diseases 556 Immunology 557 Laboratory Tests 557 Treatment . 558 References. . . . 560 Chapter XI: Lobo's Disease (Keloidal Blastomycosis). J.P. WIERSEMA, Washington, D.C., USA (With 13 Figures) . . . 577 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Geographical Distribution, Incidence, Epidemiology 577 Clinical Picture. . . . 578 Macroscopic Pathology 580 Microscopic Pathology 581 Mycology . . . . . . 585 Differential Diagnosis . 588 References. . . . . . 588
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