The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

731 Pages·2006·10.96 MB·english

by  J. P. Mallory

The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the
Proto-Indo-European World
This page intentionally left blank
The Oxford Introduction to
Proto-Indo-European and the
Proto-Indo-European World
J. P. Mallory and
D. Q. Adams
1
1
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp
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ISBN0-19-928791-0 978-0-19-928791-8(HB)
0-19-929668-5 978-0-19-929668-2
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Contents
ListofMaps xii
LitsofFigures xiii
ListofTables xiv
ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms xix
Introduction xxii
1 Discovery 1
1.1 Languagerelations 1
1.2 Indo-European 6
2 TheElements 12
2.1 TheIndo-Europeanlanguages 12
2.2 Celtic 15
2.3 Italic 18
2.4 Germanic 19
2.5 Baltic 23
2.6 Slavic 25
2.7 Albanian 26
2.8 Greek 27
2.9 Anatolian 28
2.10 Armenian 31
2.11 Indo-Aryan 32
2.12 Iranian 33
2.13 Tocharian 35
2.14 Minorlanguages 36
3 ReconstructingProto-Indo-European 39
3.1 TheComparativeMethod 39
3.2 Schleicher’sTale 45
3.3 LaryngealTheory 48
3.4 ReconstructionandReality 50
vi contents
4 TheSystem 54
4.0 TheSystem 54
4.1 Phonology 54
4.2 TheNoun 56
4.3 Adjectives 59
4.4 Pronouns 59
4.5 Numerals 61
4.6 ParticlesandConjunctions 62
4.7 Prepositions 62
4.8 Verbs 62
4.9 Derivation 65
5 Relationships 71
5.0 LinguisticRelationship 71
5.1 InternalRelationships 71
5.2 ExternalRelations 81
5.3 GeneticModels 83
6 APlaceinTime 86
6.0 TheFourthDimension 86
6.1 TimeDepth 86
6.2 RelativeChronologies 88
6.3 AbsoluteChronologies 92
6.4 TheDarkAges? 103
7 ReconstructingtheProto-Indo-Europeans 106
7.1 ApproachestothePast 106
7.2 HowManyCognates? 107
7.3 ReconstructedMeaning 110
7.4 SemanticFields 112
7.5 FolkTaxonomies 113
7.6 LevelofReconstruction 115
7.7 RootHomonyms 115
7.8 HowLongaText? 116
7.9 Vocabulary—What’sMissing? 117
8 ThePhysicalWorld 120
8.1 Earth 120
8.2 Fire 122
8.3 Water 125
CONTENTS vii
8.4 Air 128
8.5 ThePhysicalLandscapeofthe
Proto-Indo-Europeans 130
9 Indo-EuropeanFauna 132
9.1 ReconstructingEnvironments 132
9.2 Mammals 134
9.3 Birds 143
9.4 Fish,Reptiles,Amphibians 146
9.5 Insects,Shellfish,etc. 148
9.6 Indo-EuropeanAnimals 151
10 Indo-EuropeanFlora 156
10.1 Trees 156
10.2 WildPlants 161
10.3 DomesticatedPlants 163
10.4 AgriculturalTerms 167
10.5 Proto-Indo-EuropeanFlora 169
11 Anatomy 173
11.0 TheBody 173
11.1 TheHead 173
11.2 Hair 176
11.3 TheUpperBodyandArms 178
11.4 TheLowerBodyandLegs 182
11.5 InternalOrgans 185
11.6 VitalFunctions 188
11.7 HealthandDisease 192
11.8 TheLexiconoftheBody 199
12 FamilyandKinship 203
12.1 FamilyandHousehold 203
12.2 Marriage 206
12.3 Kinship 209
13 HearthandHome 219
13.1 Dwelling 219
13.2 Construction 223
13.3 Proto-Indo-EuropeanSettlement 227
viii contents
14 ClothingandTextiles 230
14.1 Textiles 230
14.2 Proto-Indo-EuropeanTextileProduction 236
15 MaterialCulture 239
15.1 Containers 239
15.2 Metals 241
15.3 Tools 242
15.4 Weapons 244
15.5 Ornament 246
15.6 Transport 247
15.7 Roads 250
15.8 Proto-Indo-EuropeanMaterialCulture 251
16 FoodandDrink 254
16.1 EatandDrink 254
16.2 Preparation 258
16.3 FoodsandMeals 260
16.4 Proto-Indo-EuropeanDiet 264
17 Proto-Indo-EuropeanSociety 266
17.1 SocialOrganization 266
17.2 GiveandTake 270
17.3 ExchangeandProperty 272
17.4 LawandOrder 276
17.5 StrifeandWarfare 277
17.6 Occupations 283
17.7 Proto-Indo-EuropeanSociety 284
18 SpaceandTime 287
18.1 Space 287
18.2 Position 288
18.3 Direction 293
18.4 Placement(Verbs) 295
18.5 Shape 297
18.6 Time 300
18.7 Proto-Indo-EuropeanSpaceandTime 303
19 NumberandQuantity 307
19.0 NumericalSystems 307
CONTENTS ix
19.1 BasicNumerals 308
19.2 MeasureandQuantity 317
20 Mind,EmotionsandSensePerception 321
20.1 KnowledgeandThought 321
20.2 Sight 325
20.3 BrightandDark 328
20.4 Colours 331
20.5 Hearing,Smell,TouchandTaste 334
20.6 TheGood,BadandtheUgly 336
20.7 Desire 340
20.8 LoveandHate 342
20.9 Hot,ColdandotherQualities 344
20.10 Proto-Indo-EuropeanPerception 348
21 SpeechandSound 352
21.0 SpeechandSounds 352
21.1 Speech 352
21.2 ElevatedSpeech 355
21.3 InterjectionsandHumanSounds 359
21.4 AnimalSounds 363
21.5 Proto-Indo-EuropeanSpeech 365
22 Activities 368
22.1 Existence,AbilityandAttempt 368
22.2 ReductiveActivities 371
22.3 RotaryandLateralActivities 377
22.4 Bind,StickandSmear 380
22.5 BendandPress 382
22.6 Inflation 385
22.7 Extend 387
22.8 Throw 388
22.9 Clean 389
22.10 Movement 390
22.11 PourandFlow 393
22.12 ComeandGo 394
22.13 RunandJump 397
22.14 Crawl,SlideandFall 400
22.15 Travel 401