The Nebi Yearbook 1998: North European and Baltic Sea Integration PDF
Preview The Nebi Yearbook 1998: North European and Baltic Sea Integration
The NEBI YEARBOOK 1998 North European and Baltic Sea Integration Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH The NEBI YEARBOOK 1998 North European and Baltic Sea Integration General Editors: Lars Hedegaard and Bjarne Lindstrom Co-editors: Pertti Joenniemi Anders 6sthol Karin Peschel Carl-Binar Stălvant , Springer Lars Hedegaard Nordregio/North Nyhavn 38, 5 floor DK-IOSI Copenhagen K Denmark Bjarne Lindstrom Department of Statistics and Economic Research in Âland Box 60 FIN-22101 Mariehamn Âland Islands ISBN 978-3-642-63777-3 ISBN 978-3-642-58886-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-58886-0 This work is subject to copyright. AlI rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of iIIus trations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted on1y under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Viola tions are Iiable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 OriginaJly published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1998 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publica tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. SPIN 10669911 43/2202-5 4 3 2 1 O - Printed on acid-free paper • The computer-enhanced photo on the cover shows six bright stars in Cassiopeia and - in the top left-hand corner - the Polar Star. With its characteristic W-shape, Cassiopeia is among the most easily identifiable constellations in the NEB! area's night sky. Its name comes from Quassio-peaer, meaning Rose-Coloured Face in Phoenician and being the name of a queen who reigned over a world far from Greece. Ptolemy attributed to Cassiopeia the qualities of Saturn and Venus, meaning power, respect and command. When the combination was negative, however, it generated exaggerated pride and great presumption. Among countless depictions throughout the centuties is the above from Bayer's Cassiopeia (1603). Tycho's Nova is the famous exploding star discovered by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe on 11 November 1572 and described in his book De nova stella (1573). The new star quickly dimmed, and in March 1574 it could no longer be seen. The Editors wish to acknowledge the kind assistance provided by the Tycho Brahe Planetarium, Copenhagen. Cover design: Rita Baving, Delta Grafisk, Copenhagen Foreword Thorvald Stoltenberg Ambassador Chairman oft he Editorial Advisory Board Most of us have been overwhelmed by the speed and extent of the changes that have been taking place in Europe since the late 1980s. Over the span of a few years, we have witnessed the collapse of the Soviet Union and the unification of Ger many. This process has had far-reaching implications for Northern Europe: the Baltic states have attained independence, and with the establishment of the Baltic Sea regional co-operation and the Barents co-operation, a new type of East-West relations has come into being. The process of change continues. Its latest manifestation is the agreement between Russia and NATO, and NATO and EU enlargement is expected to take place over the next few years. With such far-reaching transformations, we need to reflect on what is hap pening. We need a more coherent picture of the new situation in Northern Europe and of where we are heading. This Yearbook is an attempt to fulfil this need. I would like to thank the editors for taking this initiative, which has been long awaited by those of us who have been actively interested in the improved relations between the former East and the old West that have been made possible by the end of the Cold War - and particularly in the new opportunities for cross-border co-operation and integra tion in the North European and Baltic space. As the title indicates, the Yearbook focuses on the North European area, from the Barents region in the north to the Baltic Sea in the south. It expressly aims to cover important elements of integration over a wide range of fields: economics, politics, cross-border regional co-operation, the environment and infrastructure, foreign and security policy and the state of the civil society. The, Yearbook is also aimed at a wide range of readers, not only students of European affairs and actors in government, education and the media, but also the business community and a growing number of citizens from all parts of the area whose interest in new opportunities for co-operation and development has been awakened by recent events. As Chairman of the Yearbook's Editorial Advisory Board I am particularly V11l Foreword pleased that the editors have managed to combine solid links to the predominant economic and political actors and leading academic institutions with editorial independence. As the editors point out in Chapter I, for the first time in this century, the entire North European area is free from regimes bent on military aggression against their neighbours. This is the basic cause behind the lifting of the Iron Curtain which divided East and West from approximately 1947 to 1989. And whereas democracy and the rule of law may not be irreversibly or universally ensured throughout the area, there are at present no openly repressive or totali tarian regimes along the coasts of the Barents and Baltic Seas. Bur there are a number of challenges. New conflicts often arise as the old order collapses, as we have seen in the Balkans, and it is vital to resolve them before they have gone too far. The zone extending from the Barents region via the Baltic and the Balkans towards the Black Sea and Northern Africa to the sourh contains the potential for a number ~f political, environmental ana ethnic conflicts. Moreover, it is crucial to prevent the Iron Curtain from being replaced by a Silk Curtain that divides the haves from the have-nots in Europe. Unless we succeed in forging a Europe which is truly 'whole and free,' we shall have failed to take advantage of a historic opportunity. I consider it vital to prevent NATO and EU enlargement from creating new dividing lines in Europe. This Yearbook is an encouraging sign that an impressive network of researchers from a broad spectrum of the social sciences has taken the new challenges seri ously. And as the list of partners testifies, the Yearbook is very much a collective effort by leading agents of integration in the region. A Yearbook, as the name indicates, is meant to appear every year. If it meets with the response we anticipate, it is our intention to continue the work. Contents Foreword ......................................................... Vll Thorvald Stoltenberg 1. The North European and Baltic Opportunity 3 Lars Hedegaard and Bjarne Lindstrom PART I: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Edited by Karin Peschel 2. Core Elements of Successful Reform in Baltic Rim CQuntries 33 Klaus Schrader and ClaUs-Friedrich Laaser 3. The Importance of Social and Political Stability for Integration into Europe: Lithuania's Case ...................................... 47 Kazimira Prunskiene 4. Current Trends in Economic Integration ....................... 55 Lars Lundqvist and Lars OlofP ersson 5. Trade Potentials in Northern Europe and Consequences for Traffic Flows ....................................................... 73 Stefan Cal/sen 6. Foreign Direct Investment: Problems in Deepening the Integration of the Baltic Sea Region ....................................... 87 Urpo Kivikari 7. Sustainable Investment Policies in the Murmansk Region ........ 99 Vladimir Didyk and UlfWiberg 8. Labour Force Mobility in the Baltic Sea Area and the Transition Economies: With Special Reference to Economic Integration 115 J llari Karppi 9. The CAP: An Obstacle to EU Enlargement? .................... 131 Ewa Rabinowicz 10. Estonian Entrepreneurship: Towards Western Markets and Operating Patterns ..................................................... 145 Erik Terk and Juhan Teder x Contents PART II: SPATIAL PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT Edited by Carl-Einar Sttilvant 11. VASAB 2010: A Critical Analysis 163 Ralph Westermann 12. Transboundary Environmental Problems: Risk Analysis and Practical Lessons ............................ 187 Gunnar Sjostedt 13. European Transport Corridors along the Eastern Baltic Shores: International and National Interests ............................ 199 Garri Raagmaa, Raik Vurst, Kalle Pungas and Hlirmo Haljaste 14. Development and Implementation of Baltic Sea Pollution Commit- ments: The Case of Sweden ............... _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Ronnie Hjorth 15. Poland's Economic Recovery and Its Implications for Energy Use and Air Pollution ............................................. 233 Jurgen Salay 16. The New Berlin: Towards the Sustainable Capital? .............. 251 Christo! Ellger and Kai Richter 17. The Development of Kaliningrad in the Light of Baltic Co-opera- tion ......................................................... 267 Malgorzata Pacuk and Tadeusz Palmowski PART III: TRANSBORDER REGIONAL CO-OPERATION Edited by Anders Gsthol 18. Cross-Border Co-operation after World War II 285 Viktor Frhr. von Malchus 19. A Norden of the Regions? ..................................... 297 Harald Baldersheim and KristerSttihlberg 20. Spatial Development and Planning between 'High' and 'Low' Politics: Interreg II C in the Baltic Sea Region .......................... 309 Ib JrJrgensen and Jan Nielsen 21. Transborder Co-operation along the EU's External Borders and the Turnabout of Regional Development Policies: A Mediterranean Per- spective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Riccardo Cappellin Contents Xl 22. Cross-Border Co-operation in the Barents Region 337 Hallgeir Aalbu 23. Business and Politics in the Barents Region 349 Bo Svensson PART IV: POLITICAL INTEGRATION, TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE AND SECURITY Edited by Pertti Joenniemi 24. Security around the Baltic Rim: Concepts, Actors and Processes 363 Kari Mottolii 25. Military Command Structures in the Baltic Sea Area 405 Bertel Heurlin 26. CFE and the Baltic Rim ...................................... 423 Jane M. 0. Sharp 27. Settled and Remaining Border Issues around the Baltic Sea ....... 437 Tuomas Forsberg 28. The Security Policy Doctrines in the Nordic and Baltic Countries: Stability and Change ......................................... 449 Clive Archer and 0yvind j,:eger 29. Russia's Security Policies in the Baltic Sea Area 465 Alexander A. Sergounin 30. Poland's Security Policies in the Baltic Sea Area 485 Wojciech Kostecki 31. Germany's Security Policies in the Baltic Sea Area 503 Axel Krohn 32. 'Internal' Security in the Baltic States ........................... 521 Joan Lofgren and Helena Mannonen 33. The Tackling of Minority Issues in the Baltic Sea Region in the Context of OSCE and CBSS .................................. 537 Hanne-Margret Birckenbach NORTH EUROPEAN AND BALTIC STATISTICS 551 Compiled by Juri Koll Statistics Sweden List of Abbreviations .............................................. 619 List of Figures .................................................... 623 List of Tables ..................................................... 625
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