The Major Histocompatibility System in Man and Animals

411 Pages·1977·9.934 MB·English

by  Dietrich Götze (auth.), Prof. Dr. Dietrich Götze (eds.)

The Major
Histocompatibility System
in Man and Animals
Contributors
E.D. Albert H. Balner N. Cohen N.H. Collins C.S. David
M.E. Dorf W.R. Duncan A.F. Geczy D. Götze
H. Grosse-Wilde E. Günther K. Hitla P.Ivitnyi J. Klein
O. Stark J.W. Streilein H.M. Vriesendorp A.L. de Weck
Editor
Dietrich Götze
With 23 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork 1977
Prof. Dr. DIETRICH GÖTZE
The Wistar Institute for Anatomy and Biology
36 Street at Spruce, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104/USA
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-95295-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-95293-7
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-95293-7
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Main entry under title: The major histocompatibility
system in man and animals. Includes bibliographies and index. I. Histocompatibility. I. Albert. Ekkehard.
11. Götze, Dietrich, 1941.- QR 184.3.073. 599'.02'9. 77-1134.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by
photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under §54 of the German Copyright
Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of
the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher.
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1977.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1977
The use of general descriptive names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not
especially identified, is not be taken as a sign that such names as understood by the Trade Marks and
Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Contents
Introductory Remarks
The Major Histocompatibility System. D. GÖTZE. . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 1
The Major Histocompatibility System in Man. E.D. ALBERT and D. GÖTZE.
With 3 Figures
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. Serologically Defined Histocompatibility Antigens 7
2.1 Historical Remarks . . . . . . 7
2.2 Serology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 The Definition of HLA Antigens . . . . .. 8
2.4 The Genetic Organization of HLA-A, B, and CAntigens 10
2.5 Phenotype and Gene Frequencies . 11
2.6 Haplotype Frequencies . 13
2.7 Linkage Disequilibrium 16
2.8 Cross-Reactivity. . . . 18
3. Lymphocyte-Defined Antigens 20
3.1 Historical Remarks . . . 20
3.2 Genetics of MLC . . . . 21
3.3 "Primed Lymphocyte Typing" 23
4. Serological Definition of B-Cell-Specific Alloantigens 24
4.1 Historical Remarks . . . . . 24
4.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . 24
4.3 Genetics of B-Cell Alloantigens 25
5. Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity . 25
5.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . 25
5.2 Genetics of CML . . . . . . 26
6. Tissue Distribution of HLA Antigens 27
6.1 HLA-A and -B Antigens . . . . 27
6.2 HLA-D or Lymphocyte Activating Determinants 30
7. Surface Distribution of HLA Antigens. . . . . . . 31
8. Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.1 Localization of H Antigens and Source for Their Purification 32
8.2 Assays Monitoring Activity of Soluble HLA Antigens 33
8.3 Extraction Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
VI Contents
8.4 HLA-A and -B Antigens in the Serum and Urine . . . 47
8.5 HLA-C Antigens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
9. HLA-D Antigen (B-Cell-Specific, HLA-I) Locus-Linked Gene
Products) . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 49
10. Linked Loci and Mapping of the HLA Region 49
11. HLA and Transplantation 51
12. HLA-Disease Associations . . 53
12.1 Historical Remarks . . . 53
12.2 Statistical Considerations 53
12.3 Groups of HLA-Associated Diseases 54
12.4 Models of HLA-Disease Associations 56
12.5 Genetic Considerations 56
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Chapter 2
The Major Histocompatibility System of Subhuman Primate Species.
H. BALNER. With 5 Figures
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . 79
2. RhL-A, MHS of Rhesus Monkeys . 81
2.1 Detection of Tissue Alloantigens 81
2.2 Biochemistry. . . . . . . . . 92
2.3 Histocompatibility . . . . . . 93
2.4 MHC-Linked Immune Responses. 96
2.5 Genetic Organization ofthe RhL-A System. 98
3. ChL-A, the MHS of Chimpanzees . 102
3.1 Detection of Tissue Alloantigens . . .. . . 103
3.2 Histocompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.3 Genetic Organization of the ChL-A System 109
4. Tissue Antigens of Other Subhuman Primates. 109
4.1 Baboons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.2 Other Primate Species. . . . . . . . . . 110
5. Similarities Among Tissue Antigens of Various Primate Species 111
5.1 Similarities Between Alloantigens of Man and Chimpanzee . 112
5.2 Similarities Between Alloantigens of Rhesus Monkeys and Those
ofOther Primate Species . 120
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chapter 3
The Major Histocompatibility System of the Dog. H.M. VRIESENDORP,
H. GROSSE-WILDE, and M.E. DORF. With 6 Figures
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
l.l The Dog as an Experimental Model . . .... 129
1.2 Short History of Dog Histocompatibility Systems. 129
Contents VII
2. DLA Genetics ......... . 130
2.1 Nomenclature . . . . .. . 130
2.2 Serologically Defined Antigens 131
2.3 Lymphocyte-Defined Antigens 140
2.4 Immune Response Genes 146
2.5 Allogeneic Resistance (R) . . 149
2.6 Other Markers. . . . . . . 151
2.7 Genetic Organization of DLA System . 152
3. Transplantation Biology of DLA ... 153
3.1 Related Donor-Recipient Pairs. . . . 154
3.2 Unrelated Donor-Recipient Pairs. . . 156
3.3 Blood Transfusions and Graft Survival 156
4. Minor Histocompatibility Systems 157
5. Concluding Remarks 158
References. . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Chapter 4
The Major Histocompatibility System of Cattle, Pig, Rabbit, and Syrian
Hamster
4.1 The Major Histocompatibility System of Cattle. P. IVANYI .... 165
4.1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 165
4.1.2 Blood Cell Chimerism, Immunological Tolerance, and Free
Martinism in Cattle Twins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1.3 The Unknown MHS in Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . ... 166
4.1.4 Cattle Alloimmune Sera Cross-Reacting with HLA Antigens 167
4.2 The Major Histocompatibility System of Pig. P. IVANYI 168
4.2.1 Introduction ... . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.2.2 Blood Group Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.2.3 The MHS in Pig: SL-A (SD) or PL-A (LD) . . 169
4.3 The Major Histocompatibility System of Rabbit. P. IVANYI . 174
4.3.1 Introduction ........ . . . 174
4.3.2 Blood Groups and Histocompatibility . . . 174
4.3.3 The Rabbit MHS . . . . . . . . . . . . 176-
4.3.4 Rabbits Recognize H-2 and HLA Specificities 182
4.4 The Major Histocompatibility System of Syrian Hamster. W.R.
DUNCAN, J.W. STREILEIN, and P. IVANYI 183
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Chapter 5
The Major Histocompatibility System of the Guinea Pig. A.F. GEczyand
A.L. DE WECK. With 1 Figure
1. Introduction. 191
2. Serology . . . . . . . . 192
VIII Contents
2.1 Methodology ...................... 192
2.2 Serological Characterization of Antigens Governed by Alleles of
the First GPLA Locus (Locus B) .............. 193
2.3 Serologic Characterization of Antigens Identified by 13 Anti-2 and
2 Anti-13 Sera . . . . . ................. 195
2.4 The Identification of an Additional Specificity Present in Inbred
Strain 2 and Strain 13 Animals . 196
3. Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4. Histocompatibility . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5. Genetic Control of the Immune Response by Gene Products from the
MHS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6. Genetic Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.1 Linkage Between the GPLA Locus Band the Ia Region . . . 203
6.2 Products ofthe Ia Region and GPLA B Locus Represented on the
Lymphoid Cells of Wild Guinea Pigs 204
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Chapter 6
The Major Histocompatibility System of the Rat (Ag-B or H-l System).
E. GÜNTHER and O. STARK
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
2. Serogenetics of the H-l System . . . . . . 214
3. Role of the H-l System in Graft Rejection . 220
3.1 Skin Grafts. . . . . . . . 220
3.2 Organ Grafts . . . . . . . . 223
3.3 Immunological Enhancement . 224
3.4 Other Types of Grafts . . . . 226
4. Genetic Control of Mixed Lymphocyte Reactivity by the H-l System 226
5. Graft-Versus-Host Reactivity and the H-l System. . 228
6. Features of the Immune Response to H-l Antigens . 229
6.1 Thymus Dependence. . '.' . . . . . . . 230
6.2 Quantity of Anti-H-l Antibodies. . . . . . 230
6.3 Immunological Tolerance to H-l Antigens . 231
6.4 Effect of Preimmunization . 232
6.5 "Clone" Size . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.6 Antiidiotypic Antibodies . . . . . 232
7. H-l-Linked Immune Response Genes . 234
8. The H-l System and Disease Susceptibility . 239
9. Effect of the H-l System on Fetal-Maternal Interactions . 240
10. Genetic Structure of the H-l Chromosome . 241
11. Biochemistry of H-l Antigens. . 242
12. Concluding Remarks . 242
References. . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Contents IX
Chapter 7
Tbe Major Histocompatibility System of tbe Mouse. C.S. DAVID. With
3 Figures
1. Brief History . . . . 255
2. Serology . . . . . . 258
2.1 K and D Regions 258
2.2 H-2G Region 263
2.3 I Region 264
2.4 I-J Region. . 266
2.5 S Region . . 269
3. Tissue Distribution . 271
4. Biochemistry 272
4.1 K and D Products 272
4.2 I Region Antigens 273
4.3 S Region Antigens 274
5. Histocompatibility . . 274
6. Immune Response . . 276
6.1 T -CelI, B-Cell Cooperation . 277
6.2 Viral Oncogenesis . . . . 278
6.3 Mixed Leukocyte Reaction 279
6.4 Graft-Versus-Host Reaction 279
6.5 Cell-Mediated Lympholysis 280
7. Genetic Organization . 281
8. Concluding Remarks 283
References. . . . . . . . 284
Chapter 8
Tbe Major Histocompatibility System of tbe Cbicken. K. HALA
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
2. The B System of the Chicken . . . . . . . . 291
2.1 Biochemical Characterization of B Antigens 293
2.2 Distribution of B Antigens. . . . . 294
2.3 Development of B Antigens . . . . . 294
3. Methods for the Detection of B Antigens. 296
3.1 In vitro Demonstration of B Antigens . 296
3.2 In vivo Demonstration of B Antigens 297
4. Definition of B Antigens. . . . . . . . . 300
5. Preparation of Antisera . . . . . . . . . 302
6. Chicken Populations Used for the Study of MHS 303
7. MHS in Other Species of Birds 306
8. Conclusions 306
References. . . . . . . . . . . 307
x Contents
Chapter 9
Major and Minor Histocompatibility Systems of Ectothermic Vertebrates.
N. COHEN and NANCY H. COLLINS. With 1 Figure
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 313
2. The MHS and the Phylogeny of Transplantation Immunity .... 315
2.1 Rapidity of First-Set Allograft Reactions: Immunogenetic Con
siderations. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
2.2 Immunobiology of Major and Minor Histoincompatibility.. 321
3. The MHS and the Phylogeny of Mixed Lymphocyte Reactivities 324
3.1 Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325
3.2 Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 326
4. The MHS and the Phylogeny ofGraft-Versus-Host Reactivities . 328
5. Concluding Remarks 330
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 332
Chapter 10
Evolution and Function of the Major Histocompatibility System: Facts
and Speculations. J. KLEIN. With 4 Figures
1. Introduction. . . . . . 339
2. Facts ........ . 339
2.1 Genetic Organization 339
2.2 Function 346
2.3 Evolution . . . . . 347
3. Speculations. . ... . . 360
3.1 Evolution and Function of MHS 360
3.2 Organization of MHS. . . . . 365
3.3 Relationship of the MHS to Other Loci 368
4. Coda: The Temple of God? . 371
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Subject Index ......................... 379
List of Contributors
E.D. ALBERT, Polikinderklinik der Universität, Pettenkofer Straße,
D-8000 München
H. BALNER, Primate Center TNO, 151, Lange Kleiweg, NL-Rijswijk ZH
N. COHEN, Department of Mikrobiology, Division of Immunology,
The University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester,
New York 14642, USA
N.H. COLLINS, Department of Mikrobiology, Division of Immunology,
The University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester,
New York 14642, USA
C.S. DAVID, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of
Medicine, St. Louis, Mo. 63110, USA
M.E. DORF, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
W.R. DUNCAN, Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas,
Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
A.F. GECZY, Institute for Clinical Immunology, Inselspital, CH-3006 Bern
D. GÖTZE, The Wistar Institute for Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia,
Pa. 19104, USA
H. GROSSE-WILDE, Institut für Hämatologie, GSF, Abt. Immunologie,
D-8000 München
E. GÜNTHER, Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, D-7800 Freiburg
K. HALA, Institute of Experimental Biology and Genetics, Czechoslovak
Academy of Science, Prague, CSSR
P. IVANYI, Central Laboratory Blood Transfusion Service, Plesmanlaan 125,
NL-Amsterdam
J. KLEIN, Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas,
Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA