The Limits of International Law JACK L. GOLDSMITH ERIC A. POSNER OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS The Limits of International Law • Jack L. Goldsmith AND Eric A. Posner The Limits of International Law • 1 2005 1 Oxford NewYork Auckland Bangkok BuenosAires CapeTown Chennai DaresSalaam Delhi HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Mumbai Nairobi Sa˜oPaulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright(cid:1) 2005 by Oxford UniversityPress,Inc. PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc. 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016 www.oup.com OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise, withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Goldsmith,JackL. Thelimitsofinternationallaw/JackL.Goldsmith,EricA.Posner. p.cm. ISBN-13978-0-19-516839-6 ISBN0-19-516839-9 1. Internationallaw—Philosophy. 2. Internationallaw—Moralandethicalaspects. I. Posner,EricA. II. Title. KZ3160.P67A38 2005 341'.01—dc22 2004008190 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-freepaper • For Leslie and Emlyn • This page intentionally left blank Contents • Introduction 3 Part 1 Customary International Law 1 A Theory of Customary International Law 23 2 Case Studies 45 Part 2 Treaties 3 A Theory of International Agreements 83 4 Human Rights 107 5 International Trade 135 Part 3 Rhetoric, Morality, and International Law 6 A Theory of International Rhetoric 167 7 International Law and Moral Obligation 185 8 Liberal Democracy and Cosmopolitan Duty 205 Conclusion 225 Acknowledgments 227 Notes 229 References 235 Index 253 This page intentionally left blank The Limits of International Law •