The language of fraud cases PDF
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THE LANGUAGE OF FRAUD CASES THE LANGUAGE OF FRAUD CASES Roger W. Shuy 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shuy, Roger W., author. The language of fraud cases / Roger W. Shuy. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–19–027064–3 (hardcover : alk. paper)— ISBN 978–0–19–027065–0 (ebook)—ISBN 978–0–19–027066–7 (online content) 1. Fraud—Law and legislation—United States—Criminal provisions. 2. Fraud—Law and legislation—Language. 3. Forensic linguistics. I. Title. KF9365.S546 2015 345.73ʹ0263—dc23 2015015279 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS 1. Linguistics and Fraud 1 2. Government Contract Fraud 26 3. Resource Conservation Fraud 56 4. Corrupt Foreign Business Practices (Fraud) 87 5. Trade Secrets Fraud and Economic Espionage 111 6. Money Laundering (Fraud) 155 7. Securities Fraud 193 8. Art Theft Fraud 221 9. Price-Fixing (Fraud) 251 10. The Effectiveness of Linguistic Analysis in Fraud Cases 282 References 295 Index 299 THE LANGUAGE OF FRAUD CASES [1] LINGUISTICS AND FRAUD Virtually everyone has heard of fraud schemes such as the get-rich-quick messages from strangers in far-off places offering to make us rich quickly, emails announcing that we’ve won a lottery we never entered, bills for medical services we never received, Ponzi scams telling us that our small investment will return fabulous sums of money, or pesky pyramid schemes telling us we can earn a comfortable income if we purchase the product and then recruit our friends and neighbors to do the same. Even the staid world of academic publishing is susceptible to fraud. Between 2013 and 2014 investigators of a huge, reputable publisher of academic journals discovered fraudulent peer reviews in one of its technical journals. After an extensive investigation, the publisher retracted sixty articles that had been peer reviewed by fake electronic identities, including at least one of which that was created by the journal’s own editor. Researchers who fake their own data provide other sad examples of academic fraud. For most of us, not a day goes by without witnessing some kind of fraudulent behavior. We are bombarded with advertisements offering questionable claims, we blindly sign electronic contracts with tricky wordings that are likely to misrepresent, hide, or per- vert the important things we need to know, or we ward off itinerant roof repair scammers who try to cheat us with uncompleted or poor 1
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