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Volume 2003, Number 1 THE KEYNOTER Jiii ill. Grant vs, Seymour: The Campaign of 1868 "The Pride of America" • "Man of Words vs. Man of Deed" "The Bowtie Brigade" An APIC Inteview with Paul Simon - i Page 2 The Keynoter THE APIC KEYNOTER Published Quarterly Volume 2003, Number 1 Spring 2003 FEATURES: Editor's Message The Election of 1868 Page 3 "The White Man's Ticket" Page 6 1868: A Southern View Page 8 Back in 1997, I had the luxury (for a political The Pride ofAmerica Ribbons Page 10 junkie anyway) of watching live election returns No Third Term for Grant Page 10 from Great Britain on CNN. For four elections in a "Man ofWords vs. Man ofDeeds" Page 12 row, the Conservative Party of Margaret Thatcher Very Early Nixon Page 14 White Back Buttons Page 16 and then John Major had triumphed. But thatyear a newly centrist Labour Party (rebranded as "New DEPARTMENTS: Labour") under Tom Blair swept the Tories out of APIC Hall ofFame:JoeJacobs Page 21 APIC Interview: Paul Simon Page 22 power. Live TV followed Prime Minister Major on his Illustrations: The editor wishes to thank the following for providing lonelv ride to the Conservative Party' headquarters illustrations for this issue: Steve Baxley, Dan Duncan, Roger Fischer, in London where he faced a room packed with Robert Fratkin, David and Janice Frent, Theodore Hake, Brad Koplinski, James Kotche, Brian Krapf, Library and Archives of New gerlso.atHinegwmaesdciaalmanadndhesaerltfb-prooskseenssyedouinngthpaatrtwy'aywotrhka-t PHoawmeplslh,iRriec'hsarPdolRietcitcaolr,TArladSialttieorn,,EJdaSmuelslivMainlgarnadmJ,imRoTbinicnhear.nd Julie can only be described as English. He calmly summed up the end of his political career thus: Covers: Front:"Victory!"-AThomasNastcartoonfrom the coverofthe "Politics is a rough old trade." NrioovusemobveerrS1e4,ym1o8u6r8 iisnsuteheof18th6e8 Hcaarmppeari'gsn.WeQeukiltyesahohwairnshg Gporratnrtayvailctoof- Politics is certainly a rough old trade but the an election victory by contemporary standards. Back: "The Great election of 1868 reminds us that some elections are November Contest: Patriotism vs. Bummerism" - A pro-Seymour car- rougherthan others.Just lookat the cartoon on the toon published in 1868 by Bromley and Company of New York. cover. It was drawn by the most famous political Seymourand Blairashorsesdrawawagon carryingMissColumbia, the artist ofthe time, Thomas Nast, and first appeared Spirit of the Constitution and - amazingly - Lincoln as crowds cheer. on the cover ofone ofthe nation's leading publica- Grant and Colfax draw a wagon carrying Thaddeus Stevens, a Negro tions. It shows Republican U.S. Grant killing woman and man, Salmon P. Chase and the Grim Reaper. Democrat Horatio Sevmourwith a sword. IN THE NEXT ISSUE The next time you shake your head when DI.eQm.opcorianttss acbloaviem athmaotrGoenorogreReWp.ubBluischaniss jduesstcrtiwboe WItonoro1lp9dp48oW,saeArmaIenIrtailicl-yacRotumsesmeituaen.rieHsdemnoarnnydtWhaeslulbpaepcgoeirntannaidnpgtrhooegfrPearsosCgiorvleesdsaiWgvaeenrdPaawr.ittyShoroomusere Bill Clinton as the moral equivalent ofJack the never-before-published material from the 1948 Wallace campaign will Ripper, remember 1868 when the politics really got be featured alongwith other interesting topics. rough. The recent film by Martin Scorsese, "Gangs of All correspondenceabout Associate Editor SupportServices NewYork", touches on that era. The film has lots of conatdednrtesssheodultdo:be ConRtorbieburttinFrgaEtkdiintors GKearymaSianmepsBornouKseslahrd historical inaccuracies but it does give one a taste of Editor Steve Baxley those days when a successful politician wasn't the Michael Kelly Stephen Cresswell guywho could smooth-talk the media, itwas the big 1901 MontclairAvenue DavidFrent lug still standing after the brawl. [EmailF:linnti,[email protected]] CSotnetveriBbauxtloerys APICseekstoencourageand Politics is a rough old trade. Brian Krapf supportthestudyandpreser- All correspondence about Julie Powell viastsuiionngoffroomriaginndalremlaatteirnigaltso mailingand copies Robin Powell political campaignsofthe should be addressed to: Richard Rector UnitedStatesofAmericaand Publisher AlSalter to bring iLs members fuller Joe Hayes EditorialBoard appreciation and deeper P.O. Box 1149 Robert Fratkin understanding ofthe candi- Michael Kellv Cibolo,TX 78108 HarveyGoldberg doautrespolaitnidcalishseureistagteh.at form [Email: [email protected]] Michael Kelly Editor Brian Krapf ©2003APICTexas78108 Phil Ross PrintedinUSA Edmund Sullivan In Ix-bcoGraphics The Keynoter Page : The Election of 1868 by Michael Kelly Rhetoric can often become extreme in the heat of our con- South Carolina). temporary political battles. Claims are made that the nation has The Republican platform endorsed Congressional neverbeforefacedsuchacriticaldecision and thecandidate'svic- Reconstruction, mourned the death of President Lincoln, toryis amatterof life and death. denounced President Johnson, encouraged immigration, and However, to describe the election of 1868 as a matter oflife advocatedveterans' pensions. Itwasacoronationwith Grant win- and death was not inflated rhetoric; it wasa fact. While the cam- ningeverysinglevote on the first ballot. paign in the Northwaswagedwith banners, badges,speechesand TheleadingcandidatesforricepresidentwereSenatorBenjamin songs, the same campaign in the South was waged with guns, WadeofOhio (whowouldhavebecomePresidenthadJohnsonbeen knives, fireand blood. removed), Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana, and Inessence, theelection of1868wasacontinuation oftheCivil Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, plus several favorite-son Warbyothermeanswith the citizenshipoffreed blacksas thekey nominees. Wade led on the first four ballots but was overtaken by issue. On one side of the contest was a radicalized Republican Colfax,whosecured the nomination on thesixth ballot. Party determined to empower former slaves in the old GrantacceptedtheRepublican presidential nominationwitha Confederacy with the right to vote. On the other stood a reac- letter ofacceptance thatwas brief, broad, and patriotic. It closed tionary Democratic Party claiming that the end ofthe rebellion with the statement, "Let us have peace." The words promised an meant the Southern states were back in the Union as ifthey had end to national turmoil andbecame theslogan ofthe Republican never left. A popular Democrats slogan stated, "The Union as it campaign. was and the Constitution as it is" to claim the South never really Typical of the enthusiasm for the war hero was the rousing left and Negroes should not be given the right to vote by consti- campaign song (with lyrics credited to the pun "Ason OTagun") tutional amendment. titled "ForPresidentUlysses GrantA-Smoking His Cigar." The battle began earlyas a struggle by a Republican Congress And now, let politicianswait, increasinglyinfluencedbyradicalslikeMassachusetts'Sen.Charles There'swork formen to do. Sumner and Rep. Thaddeus Stevens ofPennsylvania against the We'll place one in the ChairofState administration of President Andrew Johnson (a pro-Union Whowears the armyblue. Democrat nominated as Lincoln'srunning-mate in 1864 toattract The people knowjustwhattheywant- Democratic votes).Johnson may have opposed the rebellion but Less talk, and no morewar- feltlittle concern forthefreedslaves. Hefelt that the blackpopu- For President, Ulysses Grant, lationwas the businessofeach state and he did notobject tolocal a-smoking hiscigar! attempts to reinstate slavery through the "black codes" and highly The Democrats had a much more difficult choice. The once- restrictive laborlaws. mighty party ofJefferson andJackson found itself the party of As 1868 arrived, the candidate for the Republicans was clear: rebels, copperheads (pro-Confederacy northerners) and draft U.S. Grant. He had been considered a potential presidential can- rioters. Theoldagrarian partyofJeffersonwasjuststartingtofeel didate eversince hisvictories on the battlefield won him popular the tremorsofnewforces such as the advocates ofsilvercurrency acclaim (evenasearlyas 1864somedisgruntledRepublicanswant- (who wouldn't triumph until 1896) and the immigrant-rich ed to replace Lincoln with Grant, but the general resolutely sup- machines from cities like New York (that wouldn't triumph portedthepresident).Buthehadbrokenwith theJohnsonadmin- nationally until 1928). istration, which wasenough forthe Republicans to embrace him. Earlyon, the Democrats had also hoped to convince Grant to The Republican convention opened onlydays after President be their presidential candidate to paper over economic divisions Johnson hadavoidedremoval from officebyasinglevote. Forthe in the partyandwashawaythestain oftreason. The general, how- firsttime in history, anational majorpartyconvention included a ever, refused tobeassociatedwith theDemocraticPartyand, once dozen black delegates, such as P.B.S. Pinchback (a future gover- Republicans rallied around him, the ideawasdropped. norofLouisiana) and Robert Smalls (afuture congressman from President Andrew Johnson had assumed his support for Democratic principles would earn him the nomination but his impeachment left him too damaged to win. Ohio Congressman George Pendleton, who had been McClellan's 1864 running mate, was the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1868. A principled opponent of Lincoln during the war, Pendletonwaswell known and hadstrongsupportin theWestern states. However, his "soft money" views drew strong opposition from Eastern Democrats like former NewYork governor Horatio Seymour and lawyer Samuel Tilden. A "hard money" alternative was IndianaSen. Thomas Hendricks. The 1868 campaign was hard-fought and produced many Another strong hopeful was, oddly enough, the abolitionist handsome items such as thesejugate badges. Republican Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, who sought the Page- 1 The Keynoter Democratic nomination alterit wasevident the Republicanswould pick Grant The main obstacle to Chase was his insistence on suf- frage and other rights for blackAmericans. Despitean early boom. Chase's hopes laded by the time ofthe convention. On ful) 4 the Democratic National Convention opened in New York City, meeting in the new Tammany Hall building. Horatio Seymourwaselected theconvention'schairman.Thepartyplatform demanded the end of Reconstruction, the elimination of the Freedmen'sBureauandamnestyforallformerConfederates,attack- ing the Republicans tor"militarydespotism and Negrosupremacy." Pendleton won 10.") votes on the first ballot with President Johnson secondwith 65, followed by Sanford Church ofNewYork with 34 andGen.Winfield Hancock (whowouldbecomethenom- ineein 1880) withSSVi. Otherswinningvotes (indecliningorder) were New fersej Gov.Joel Parker, ConnecticutGov.JamesEnglish, WITS CHARITY TOWARDS ALL Wisconsin Sen. James Doolitde, Asa Packer of Pennsylvania, Reverd) Johnson and at die tail end Francis P. BlairJr. with 1/2 of a vote. Pendleton gained forseveral ballots. Hancockmoved into a weak second witii Hendricks in third posidon as support for Johnson meltedaway. ButPendletonwasn'tabletobreakthrough. Hancock moved into the lead for several ballots and Hendricks gained strength but neither could gain a majority. Chase's name was put into nomination on ballot 17; Pendleton's namewaswith- drawn on ballot 18.Adeadlock loomed. Onballot22,HoratioSeymour'snamewasputforwardtopop- ular acclaim. Seymour probably didn't want the nomination but quicklyfoundhimselfnominatedunanimously. Forvice-president tireddelegatesunanimouslyselectedFrankBlairJr. ofMissouri, a formerabolitionistcongressman andbrotherofaformerLincoln cabinet member. Delegates mayhave loved Seymourbut elsewhere in the coun- tryreacdonwaspuzzled. Thesong"Nasby'sLamentOvertheNew York Nominations" written in the dialectofPetroleumV. Nasby, a comic figure created by humorist David Locke (although Locke himselfdidn'twrite the song) reflects thatview. I'm weeping, fellerdimmycrats, Asorrytale I'll tell About the NewYork nomenees, About theYankee sell; I betahaton Pendleton- Was certain Iwouldwin; I feel that I have been picked up Above: A lantern featuring U.S. Grant. Lower left: a And badlytaken in. Theycouldn'tgetenuffuvmen celluloid shirt collar picturing Grant and Colfax. The Keynoter Page 5 Violence against black and Republican political activity in the CANDIDATE South was described in detail. Seymour's behavioi during the FOR THt Presidency 1863 New York City draft riol was a populai topic, one that Vicksburg Thomas Nasi drove home in his Harper's Weekly<artoons. Shilo Democrats responded with claims that Republicans advocated racial equalityand attacked Grantasa drunken, ignorant, Negro loving dictator. They sang songs like "I am Captain Grant oi the Black Marines-Thestupidest man thateverwasseen" and waved signs reading"Grant the Butcher" and "Grant the Drunkard." Democrats became so concerned about defeat that Seymoui actuallyviolated protocol andwenton acampaign tourwith stops in Syracuse, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Columbus, Detroit, Indianapolis, and Chicago. Itdidn't help. Final results gave Grant 52.7% and 214 electoral votes to Seymour's47.3% and80electoralvotes. Grantcarried26statesto CANDIDATE Seymour's 8. Grantwon most ofthe South except for Kentucky, Louisiana and Georgia while Seymour carried his home state of FOR THC **IwOiNu.TfHiIgShtLIiNtE"out VicePresidency NewYorkplusNewJersey, Delaware, MarylandandOregon in the North. ThestatesofVirginia, MississippiandTexasdidn'tvote,as theyhadn'tyetbeenreadmittedtotheUnion. Itwasthefirsttime black men were allowed to vote in a presidential election and reflectedhowtheSouth mightvote ifblackvoterswereallowed to get to the polls. It was one of the last times they would vote in large numbers forthe nextcentury.* Two handsome multi-colored ribbons from 1868. Note that many Grant items highlighted his wartime exploits. To nominate in full. Theytukan abolitionist To make the ticketwhole. I swore I wouldn'tvote forChase Toaskitwasn'tfair; But then I'd rathervote forhim Thanvote for Mister Blair. At the time presidential nominees did not campaign openly, leavingthecampaign tothousandsofspeakersandorganizerswho gave speeches, circulated literature, and held enthusiastic rallies, torchlight parades and barbecues. Republicans marching clubs called themselves the "Tanners" in honor of Grant's previous career as a hide tanner or the "Boys in Blue" in tribute to the Union soldiers he had commanded. Republicans promoted themselves as the party that saved the union,freedtheslaves,andwasreformingtheSouth.They"waved the bloodyshirt" to remind voters that the Democratic Party had backed slavery and secession and opposed the Union war effort. Democratic Grand National Banner Page ti The Keynoter "The White Mail's Ticket." MAf-fT<WfM^ The 1868 Democratic platform warned citizens that evil Republicans supported "Negro Equality." The campaign marked the most blatant racial appeal ever made in a national campaign. Note the Thomas Nast cartoon at the bottom showinga murdered black man with a quote from a Virginia newspaper, stating that the killed man is "one vote less." Thomas Nast's cartoons were a powerful force, leadingGrant to state, "Two things elected me. The sword ofSheridan and the pencil ofNast." I Above: A Nast cartoon from Harper's Weekly showing an Irishrioter (bigcityDemocraticmachines), a Confederate soldier (the unreconstructed South) and a Wall Street banker (sacrificing justice for profits) standing tri- e E & P & i £• ft I © t"3 ® ugrmopuhnadntintoovtehre adirbt.lack Union veteran. Note the flag M pI Bigii*^ rjrh v«:n.*>-tnDBitac^ ; la iONfi.H .. MARCH N 5th Ward OUR TICKET. Hat I . v.. 1:4141 tr> AND BLAIR OUU MOTTO: WUto This is a BXan's Country; ..UTS BOYS . White 3Icn Iifci BLUE. IN Rule- CAPTAIN. "ONEVOTELESS"-RichmondWhiz The Keynoter Page 7 ft Mechanical pin in the shape ofan Army knapsack. Grant's reputation as awarhero inspiredmanyitemswith amilitarytheme. Top center: a famous photograph of Grant in camp. 3d Ward CEXFJLM-ClAVT : 5thA^:abl7Dbtiict i'ono in illur. At agdHI Squtn Ci!aiot BOYS Dist. of Columbia IN BLUE. Km ot-r,rnictnat(ilifting Many Republican marching clubs called themselves the "Boys in Blue" after the UnionArmy. Note the Seymourribbon mak- wfcjfuntil iii.mil»>!• 8ww ingthe distinction thathewasbacked by the »Itli ,. „,„„ "White Boys in Blue." Page 8 The Kevnoter A 1868: Southern View RBI by Brian Krapf thevgoteven more than thevbargained for. The Savannah Editor's note: There are divergent views of historv. MorningSe-wsofNovember4,1868 reported. "Neverbefore .\PIC member Brian Krapfrelates a storv that presents was an Election Dav marked bv such scenes ofexcitement, theviewfrom the perspective ofmanvSouthern whites. riotand bloodshed." Indeed, an editorial primed the same day blamed Election Dav riots on "white men in the com- I considermvselffortunate to live in Savannah. Georgia. munitv. who for theirown ambition and corrupt purposes, My familv has lived here for several generations, which have sought to control the Negro population bv imposing allows to me not only enjoy and perpetuate my love of theirworstpassionsagainstthewhitesandexcitingthem to Southern historv. but also live it. feel it and belong to it. deeds of violence and blood....The blood that was shed Since itsfoundingin 1733. Savannah hasbeen respectedas Tuesday is upon the hands ofthesewhitewretches." aguicsehnetedrtorfadceulatunrde,bausivinteaslsnactoimomnuanlitpoyr.t,Inadnededa, dwishteinn- On the morningofElection Dav. November3, 1868. the scalawagsand theirrousedgroupsofblackvotersarrivedat Union General William Tecumseh Sherman captured the the Chatham Countv Courthouse, seeking entrance to the Citv and presented it to President Abraham Lincoln as a polls. In response, alarge group ofwhite men. armed with Christmas present in 1864. he found a European-modeled clubs and sticks, blocked the courthouse steps. According citv so sophisticated, progressive and urban that he could to the November 4 Savannah MorningSeu^s. "Thev [black not bring himself to follow his normal pattern of pillage voters] rallied at the polls" opening, outnumbering white and destruction. voters. 3-1.\\"hencourthouse doorsopened, thev rushedin Despite General Sherman's preservation, Savannah suf- and completely blocked the entrance. White men who fered similar post-war reconstruction bans and restrictions came up tovote were pushed away." experienced bv other Southern cities. Election vear 1868 An ensuing fight prompted Countv SheriffDooner to found Savannah embroiled in militarv governance, distrust leave his courthouse office and attempt to calm the ofNortherners, and racial tension. Post-warfrustration and crowd. When his pleas for civil obedience were ignored, problemsintensifiedascarpetbagrulesought topunish the he called out several deputies to disperse both factions, former Confederate states through militarv domination. who. bv this time, were embroiled in a fight. One deputv Addingtothe tensionwas theformation andactivismofthe was clubbed in the head and trampled as he lav bleeding Ku Klux Klan. which had come into being that same vear. on the ground. SheriffDoonerwas then prompted to call Meanwhile, in Washington. PresidentAndrewJohnson had upon the citv police, led bv Chief R.H. Anderson, a for- survivedimpeachmentbvasinglevote.WhileJohnson tried mer Confederate general. A dozen city patrolmen were to recover from his political wounds, that summer found dispatched, and their arrival onlv fueled the fire. Union general and war hero Ulvsses S. Grant the According to the Savannah MorningSews, " The police's Republicannominee,squaringoffagainstDemocraticnom- heavy clubs did fearful execution." inee and former New York Governor Horatio Seymour, While thev did use clubs in an attempt to quell the riot. whoseplatformwasdecidedlypro-South.TheNationwould choose its new President on November 3, 1868. THE TWO PLATFORMS. On the evening ofNovember 2. trouble began to brew in Savannah. On the outskirts of the Citv. "scalawags" (Southern whites who supported the Republican Reconstruction government) planned and held rallies to stir the emotions ofthe black communitv. urging civil dis- obedience and even violence at the polls the next dav. The scalawags intended to disregard the countv precinctvoting organization bv mobilizing black voters and having them cast their ballots awav from their home area at the courthouse precinct: they counted on the blacks being turned awav from the polls since thev were not in their home precincts, adding racial tension to an alreadv precarious and tense situation. Not onlywould this plan cause disrup- The Democratic Platform The Eepublican Platform tion ofan orderlvand svstematicvotingprocess, butwould I« for the "White .'•Ian. Iiforthe»?roinJtheI'upeyBarrrr. also cause the county's vote to be illegal and disqualified. The scalawags' mobilization efforts were successful, but Democratic handout card. The Keynoter Page ') Here is a rarity: a 1868 stereocard showing Grant for President rally held in the courthouse square in Savannah, Georgia. The rallywas held for the benefit ofthe union occupation soldiers who can be seen in the foreground. The square is direct- ly in front ofthe old courthouse where the violence described in this article occurred. newsreportsnote noneofthepolicemen drewtheirpistols, county courthouse poll, voting at the county precincts was at least at first. Soon, however, a shot rang out from the peaceful, with both blacks and whites casting their ballots. crowd, followed by what the newspaper describes as "the Thevotes cast totaled 4,938, with 4,150 in favor ofHoratio sound ofahundred pistols." Firingcontinued fornearly 10 Seymour. Grant won the election, narrowly capturing the minutes, scattering would-be black voters and their nation's popular vote, 3,013,421 votes to Seymour's scalawag leaders who turned and fired upon the pursuing 2,707,829. He carried the Electoral College by a landslide, police officers. Police officer R.E. Reed was shot in the with 214 votes to Seymour's 80. Contrary to expectations, stomach and later died during surgery. Officer Samuel Grant did receive a great deal ofsupport form the former Bryson was shot in the spine and instantly paralyzed. Confederate States. Of the former states that voted, the Officer McMahon was hit in the thigh. Fifteen-year-old Republicans carried Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, North Sallie Kolock was playing in the living room ofher family's Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. The Democrats Courthouse Square home when a bullet came through a carried Georgia and Louisiana and three border states- window and killed her. Similarly, Sam Parson, an elderly Delaware, Maryland and Kentucky-as well as three black man, who was walking innocently up the street, was Northern states-New York, New Jersey and Oregon. killed instantly when he was shot through the heart. Mississippi, Texas and Virginia were ineligible to vote Another black pedestrian, Peter Hopkins, was shot in the under post war Reconstruction laws. The fact that two chest and also died instantly. Southern States voted for the Democratic candidate led to Henry Bacon, a black man who witnessed Parson's national charges ofviolence, fraud and intimidation. death, gave sworn testimony as to what he witnessed that The events that transpired in Savannah on Election Day day: "I was standing, this morning, the third day of 1868were unique, but lookingbeyond the cityborders, the November, 1868, in front of the Courthouse. I heard the election was unique in and of itself. 1868 marked the first report of firearms. I then stepped in front of the square national election in nearlyadecade in which the South had and saw the police firing on the colored people: and the participated, though the results were not to their liking. colored people were firing upon the city police. I saw, dur- Grant'svictoryendedone phase of Reconstruction and ush- ing the firing, two colored persons fall. I looked around ered in another. The battle for control ofthe South shifted andsaw the deceased fall. I did notsee anyotherwhite per- from a Washington-based power struggle over who would son or persons fire except the city police." control Reconstruction, to one in which national factions Skirmishes were not just limited to the poll hours; struggled for control of Southern state houses. another had broken out election night eve in the black Reconstruction forces finally departed Georgia in 1872, at communityon the outskirts oftown, leaving twowhite men the end of Grant's first term in office. When they did, a and one black man dead. Forseveral days, Savannah police white conservative governmentwas established. In response officers and armed white civilians patrolled the streets of to the excesses of reconstruction, this new government Savannah, while groups ofarmed black men organized to passed laws reversing Black advances. For nearly a century, protect their neighborhoods in the outlying county areas. Jim Crow would rule, with Election Day 1868 in Savannah Despite the devastating violence and loss of life at the servingas a precursor to almost 100 years ofsegregation.* . . Page 10 The Keynoter The "Pride of America" Ribbons by Michael Kelly 9ft Certaindesignsarebasictocampaign items,suchasaRWBstripes ordesigns utilizingdieAmerican flag. Butsometimesbutton manu- facturers (especially diose targeting the collectormarket) will recre- ateaparticularly popularspecific design, suchas theTR"Stand Pat" button from 1904 or the 1908 Taft-Sherman elephant ears, both of whichhavereappearedin recentyearsfeaturingmoderncandidates. The idea ofreusingan old design on acampaign item fornostalgic reasons maybeolderthan we believed. ThisarticleshowsaHenryClayribbonfrom 1844andaU.S.Grant ribbon from 1868. Clearly they are related. The Republican Party descended from the old Whig Party and during it's first decades manya Republicanwouldidentify'himselfasa"WhigRepublican"to distinguish his philosophicaljourney to the new party from those who hadpreviouslybeen Democrats orFree Soilers. The ribbons illustrated here might indicate that a group ofold Whigs wanted to show theircolorswhile boosting Grant. Although there aresomevariations, the twodesignsare tooclose tobe coinci- dental. Of the four art elements only the top one is different PBOPLBn C1IOICK. (though stillsimilar) and thewordingisalmostidentical. The main verbal variation identifies Clay as the "Protector of American Industry" while the Grant version calls him the "Protector of American Liberty" (a logical change as Clay's issueswere economic PBOPLireCHOlCK. while Grant'svirtueswere military) It isn'thardtoimagean old-lineWhigtakinghistreasuredHenry Clayribbon outofthe dresserand carryingitdown toatextileshop t to use as an example for a new Grant for President ribbon. A few life years ago, Colin Powell made the distinction that he was a "RockefellerRepublican"whenannouncinghis loyaltyto the GOP. Likewise manyold lineWhigsin 1868 ''BERT*- might have wished to make clear the particular strain ofRepublicanism to which they adhered. Then again,maybeitwasjustatextilemanufacturerthinkingthatcollectorswouldbuyabunchofthenewGrant ribbonsifhe used the Claydesignfrom 1844.* No Third Term...for Grant. by Michael Kelly GRANT C0ULDNT It's a word button from the 1940 1880nationalconventioninChicagoready ROOSEVELTSHOULDN'T Willkiecampaign:"WashingtonWouldn't. toputtheirheroover. Againsthimstooda Grant Couldn't. RooseveltShouldn't. I'm new popular favorite, James G. Blaine of Against a Third Term." Maybe Roosevelt Maine. Other strong candidates included shouldn'tbut hedid. Washington hadn't Treasury SecretaryJohn Sherman, Sen. George even reallywanted a first term, had to be Edmunds, and Rep. Elihu Washburn. Minnesota Sen. William pressuredintoasecondandflatlyrefused Windom held hisown state'svotesuntil theend. a third. ButwhataboutGrant? The convention fell into immediate deadlock and seemed to When Grant left the White House in freeze in place. Compare the totals from the 1stballotand the 28th 1977, hewas in good financial shape due ballot: toaluckyinvestment in a gold mine. But hehadn'tstayedintheArmylongenough Candidate 1stballot 28th ballot Grant 304 307 for a military pension and former presi- Blaine 284 279 dents didn't receive pensions in those Sherman 93 91 days. By 1880,Grantwasstartingtoworry Edmunds 33 31 about money and another term in the Washburne 31 35 White House seemed a more pleasant Windom 10 10 prospect than havingtogointo business. The organization Republicans (known Grant'sdelegatesheldfirm. Hisvotestoodat304on thefirstbal- as Stalwarts) thought another term for lotand306onthelastballot.Buttheanti-Grantdelegateswereequal- Grant would give them the federal ly determined to stop him. On the 36th ballot the anti-Grant dele- patronage denied them by the austere gates switched to a dark horse, Ohio CongressmanJames Garfield, honestvof Republican President Rutherford Hayes. Underthe lead- whowonthenominationinatotalsurprise.Therewouldbenothird ershipofNewYorkSen.RoscoeConkling,Grantforcesarrivedatthe term forUlyssesS. Grant.*