The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics, 1865–75: A Study of British Colonial Policy in West Africa, Malaya and the South Pacific in the Age of Gladstone and Disraeli PDF
Preview The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics, 1865–75: A Study of British Colonial Policy in West Africa, Malaya and the South Pacific in the Age of Gladstone and Disraeli
The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics, 186 5-7 5 By the same author COLONIES INTO COMMONWEALTH (Blandford Press) The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics, 1865-75 A STUDY OF BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY IN WEST AFRICA, MALAYA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC IN THE AGE OF GLADSTONE AND DISRAELI W. DAVID MciNTYRE PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND Palgrave Macmillan 9 6 7 I ISBN 978-1-349-00351-8 ISBN 978-1-349-00349-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-00349-5 © W. David Mcintyre 1967 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1967 978-0-333-05152-8 MACMILLAN AND CO LTD Little Essex Street London w c z also at Bombay Calcutta Madras Melbourne THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA LIMITED 70 Bond Street Toronto z ST MARTIN'S PRESS INC I75 Fifth Avenue New Tork NT IOOIO Library of Congress catalog card no. 67-19403 Contents PAGJ: List of Maps VI Preface Vll Abbreviations lX Introduction The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics I PART ONE THE FORMULATION OF COLONIAL POLICY I3 I Influences at Home IJ 2 The Mid-Victorian Colonial Office 46 PART TWO THE DILEMMA 75 Contradictory Aims in West Africa: the Cardwell 3 Policy, I864-5 8o Contradictory Aims in West Africa: the Failure of 4 the Cardwell Policy, I865-73 I04 5 Relations with the Malay States, I 867-7 I I 52 6 Intervention in the Malay States, I 87 I-3 185 7 Evolving a Policy in the South Pacific, I 8 55 -7 I 211 8 Decisions about the South Pacific, 1872-3 240 PART THREE THE NEW EXPERIMENTS 267 9 West Africa after the Ashanti War, I874-6 273 IO The BeginningsofBritish Political Control in Malaya, I874-6 291 II The Annexation of Fiji, I 874 3I7 I2 Informal Empire in the South Pacific, I874-7 337 PART FOUR THE FRONTIER IN PERSPECTIVE 357 I 3 Techniques of Informal Empire 359 Conclusion Mid-Victorian Imperialism: a Pragmatic Approach to Empire Bibliography Index v of List Maps PAGE The Gold Coast 8 5 Lagos and Commander Glover's routes into Yorubaland 91 Sierra Leone and the northern rivers 95 The West coast of Africa in 1873 141 The Malay States and the Straits Settlements 153 Perak 177 The rivers of Selangor 1 8o The Pacific Islands 213 The Fiji Islands 214 The Samoan Islands 260 The Linggi river 302 Australia, New Guinea and the islands 343 Moresby's discoveries, based on his 1874 chart 343 vi Preface THIS book attempts to bridge a gap which exists between general and theoretical works about imperialism and those area studies and national histories which are now making it possible to see western expansion in perspective. I have, it is true, written 'from within the blinkers of imperial history' (as one distinguished Africanist would say), but I have tried, so far as I can, to measure up to the requirements of the regional experts. The result is a series of 'case-studies' con cerning British expansion in West Africa, Malaya and the South Pacific which attempts to fit certain remote and widely scattered experiments into the wider story of mid-Victorian imperialism. I wish to acknowledge most gratefully the generous help given by many people. Her Majesty the Queen granted permission for me to consult the Royal Archives at Windsor. Lord and Lady Brabourne lent me the Brabourne Diaries and Miss Cecilia Goodenough lent Commodore Goodenough's Journal. The Earl of Kimberley allowed me to consult the Kimberley Papers, then at W ymondham Hall, Norfolk, and Lieut.-Col. R. P. F. White of the National Registry of Archives not only arranged the visit but provided transport. The National Trust allowed me to consult the Disraeli papers at Hughen den Manor. The Cabinet Office (Historical Section) gave permission to quote from the Gladstone Cabinet Minutes in the British Museum. I also received most valuable help, over many months, from the staffs of the Public Record Office, the British Museum, the Institute of Historical Research, the Methodist Missionary Society archives, the British Transport Commission archives, the Royal Geographical Society and the libraries of the Colonial Office, the War Office, the Royal Commonwealth Society, Rhodes House, the School of Oriental and African Studies and the University of Nottingham. A number of scholars read earlier drafts or gave me the benefit of their expert knowledge. I wish to thank Dr I. M. Cumpston, Mr G. B. Milner and Mr D. H. Jones of the University of London, Dr D. Cooms of the University of Ghana, Mr Robert I. Conhaim of the University of California, Los Angeles, the late Dr C. F. Goodfellow of Rhodes University, Dr Wong Lin Ken of the Uni versity of Singapore, Dr W. P. N. Tyler of Massey University, the VII Vlll Preface late Mr Kingsley Roth of Cambridge and Dr C. C. Eldridge of Edinburgh University. I owe special debts of gratitude to Professor D. G. E. Hall and Professor C. D. Cowan of the London School of Oriental and African Studies, who supervised most carefully my work for the Ph.D. thesis out of which this book has grown. Finally, I wish to pay particular tribute to Professor J. A. S. Grenville, of the University of Leeds, who, during several delightful years when I was his assistant lecturer at the University of Nottingham, read and revised my work, and criticized and encouraged, with such insistence, good humour and insight, that I learnt to forge a book from the raw material of a thesis. To all these, and to my wife (who read the proofs and put up with much else besides), I would like to record my grateful thanks. The shortcomings of the present work are mine, not theirs. W. DAVID MciNTYRE Christchurch, N.Z. March I967 Abbreviations GENERAL Ad. Admiralty L.O. Law Officers A.D.C. Aide-de-Camp Maj. Major Adj. Adjutant min(s). minute(s) Brig. Maj. Brigade Major N.S.W. New South Wales Brig. Brigadier N.Z. New Zealand Brig.-Gen. Brigadier-General P.R.O. Public Record Office c.o. Colonial Office R.A. Royal Artillery Comm. Commodore Rear-Ad. Rear-Admiral encl. enclosed S.S.Assoc. Straits Settlements F.O. Foreign Office Association gov. governor St. Street Govt. Government Treas. Treasury l.O. India Office W.O. War Office Is. Isles, Islands PERIODICALS .A.H.R. American Historical Review C.H.B.E. Cambridge History of the British Empire C.H.R. Canadian Historical Review C.M. Camden Miscellany c.s. Camden Society C.S.S.H. Comparative Studies in Sociology and History Econ.Hist.Rev. Economic History Review H.J. The Historical Journal H.S.A.N.Z. Historical Studies .Australia and New Zealand J .. A.H. Journal of .African History J .. A.L. Journal of .African Law J.B.S. Journal of British Studies J.C.P.S. Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies J.E.H. Journal of Economic History J.M.B.R .. A.S. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal .Asiatic Society J.S.E .. A.H. Journal of South East .Asian History N.C.M.H. New Cambridge Modern History P.H.R. Pacific Historical Review P.M.H. Papers on Malayan History P.M.S. Papers on Malay Subjects A2 ix
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