The identity of Papilio daunus Cramer (Hesperiidae): A re-examination with new evidence

2007·4 MB·

JournaloftheLepidopterists'Society
61(2),2007,105-112
THE IDENTITYOFPAPILIO DAUNUS CRAMER (HESPERIIDAE):
A RE-EXAMINATIONWITH NEW EVIDENCE
John V. Calhoun1
977WicksDr.,Palm Harbor,FL 34684
ABSTRACT.TheidentityofPapiliodaunusCramer, 1777,haslongbeendisputed. Someauthorshavetreateditasaseniorsubjectivesyn-
onymofPapiliobathylhtsJ. E. Smith, 1797(nowrecognizedasThorybesbathyllus). Todeterminethevalidityoftliisassociation,theoriginal
descriptionandaccompanyingillustrationareevaluated. ThemoredetailedoriginaldrawingofP. daunusisexaminedfordiefirsttime. Evi-
denceindicatesdiatP daunusresemblesnotonlyT.bathyllusbutalsoThorybesconfusis Bell, 1923. BecausetheidentityofP. daunusisun-
certain,thepriority7replacementofP. bathyllusisunsupported. Moreover,thesuppressionofPapiliodaunusCramerisundesirableasitcould
forcediepriority'replacementofPapiliomulticaudata\Y. F. KirbvbvdieprimaryhomonymPapiliodaunus Boisduval.
Additionalkeywords: Cabarespotrillo,description,drawing,Lintneria,Papiliobathyllus,Thorybesconfusis
One ofthe most controversial ofall butterfly taxa is time to better evaluate the taxonomic status of P
Papiliodaunus Cramer. Itwas describedin 1777bythe daunus.
Dutch naturalist Pieter Cramer (1721-1776) in his Methods
monumentalwork (completedbyCasper Stoll) entitled The original Dutch and French descriptions of
De Uiilandische Kapellen Voorkomende in de Drei Papilio daunus in Cramer (1777) were translated into
Waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America [The Foreign English and the accompanying illustration was closely
Butterflies Occurring in the Three Parts ofthe World examined. The original drawing of P. daunus was
Asia, Africa and America], which was published located and a digital photograph was obtained. The
between 1775 and 1782. With a type locality of description and drawing ofP daunus were compared
"Surinamen" (Suriname), the identityofP. daunus has with numerous specimens ofHesperiidae in myprivate
longbeenatopicofdisagreementamonglepidopterists. collection and that of the McGuire Center for
The holotype of P. daunus is believed to be lost or Lepidoptera and Biodiversity7 (Florida Museum of
unrecognizable. All opinions about the identity ofthe Natural Histoiy, Gainesville, Florida).
species have been based solely on a brief written Results
description and an engraved illustration of the type Historical background. Some authors have
specimen. Most authors have simply reiterated earlier overlooked the purported tvpe locality of Suriname
opinionswithout furtherscrutiny. Naiveinterpretations (Surinam) in South America and considered Papilio
ofCramer's questionable taxahave complicated efforts daunus Cramer to represent the North American
to identifythem (de Jong 1982). hesperiid commonly recognized as Thorybes bathyllus
Although recent authors have generally ignored P. (J. E. Smith). This notionbeganwith Latreille ([1824]),
daunus or considered it to be of dubious identity, whoobservedthatdie illustration ofPapiliobathyllusin
Mielke (2005) listed it as a senior synonym ofPapilio Smith & Abbot (1797)was similarto diat ofCramersP.
bathyllus J. E. Smith, 1797. This usage, most popular daunus. The name daunus was subsequently7 used on
during the first halfofthe twentieth century, threatens occasion to identify the North American insect (e.g.
the name bathyllus for a widespread North American Kirby 1879). Monographs on Hesperiidae bv Dvar
species. The continuing debate over the identity ofP. (1905), Mabille & Boullet ([1919]), and Lindsey (1921)
daunus demands amorethoroughreviewoftheexisting further encouraged this usage, whichwas supportedbv
evidence. It must be determined if the original the checklists of Barnes & McDunnough (1917) and
description and figure are sufficient to threaten the Barnes & Benjamin (1926). Evans (1952) continued
name ofP. bathyllus as proposedby Mielke (2005) and this trend, but mostlepidopterists bvdiistimepreferred
others. As part ofthis study, the original drawing for to follow McDunnough (1938), who identified die
Cramer's illustration is critically examined for the first species as Thorybes bathyllus in his widely popular
checklist ofNorth American Lepidoptera. This usage
1 ResearchAssociate, Florida State Collection ofArthropods waslaterreinforcedbydos Passos (1964). Nonedieless,
DPI, FDACS, Gainesville, Florida 32614, USA,
Email: [email protected] a few authors continued to associate daunus widi
bathyllus. In his listofthe HesperiidaeofSuriname, de
106 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
Jong (1983) included Thorybes daunus and added that palpi, etc." In light of this, Edwards did not include
Suriname is apparently the "wrong locality for this daunus within the synonymy ofbathyllus. Moreover,
strictly North American species." In their catalog of Edwards noted that Butler's daunus possessed
Mexican Hesperiidae, Llorente-Bousquets et al. (1990) "angulated" hindwings. This evidence suggests that
also listed the species as T. daunus. Most recently, Butler's daunus was more likely Cabares potrillo
Mielke (2005) used this name in his exhaustive catalog (Lucas), a Thorybes look-alike that is widespread
ofAmerican Hesperiidae. throughout much of the Greater Antilles and bears
Several authors have openly questioned this forewing spots similar to Cramer's P. daunus. The
synonymy, arguing that Cramer's published figure ofP. hindwings of C. potrillo are not rounded as in P.
daunus is indeterminate and that the species was daunus, but slightly lobed, agreeing with Edwards'
attributed to Suriname, where T. bathyllus does not definition of "angulated." This discrepancy probably
occur. Skinner &Williams (1923) remarked, "from the prompted Butler (1877) to complain that "Cramer's
Cramer figure it is doubtfully possible to identify the figure ofdaunus gives a false idea of the form of the
species, which maybe an unidentified Surinam insect." species." Butler mayhaveoverlookedthe obscure 1857
Lindsey et al. (1931) agreed, stating, "the daunus of descriptionofThanaospotrillo Lucasorconsidereditto
Cramer for this species [bathyllus], as adopted by be a junior synonym of Cramer's P. daunus. Butler
severalwriters, isnotadequatelysupportedbyCramers stated that his specimen ofdaunus was in the British
figures." Although Evans (1952) initiallypromoted the Museum. Although a recent search of The Natural
use ofthe namedaunus, he laterquestioned its identity Histoiy Museum, London, failed to locate any existing
(dos Passos 1960). Miller & Brown (1981) proposed specimens of C. potrillo or T bathyllus from "St.
that P. daunus "could as easily fit one of several Domingo," it is unlikely that any other species was
Neotropical skippers." Several authors, including involved. The genus Lintneria Butler, 1877 (a
Lindseyet al. (1931), Holland (1931), Bell (1938), and homonym ofLintneria Butler, 1876), arguablybelongs
dos Passos (1964), recognized the interpretation of within the synonymyofCabares, not Thorybes.
daunus = bathyllus aspublishedelsewhere, but refused Duringthe search for Butler's specimen of"daunus,"
to accept this synonymy based directly on Cramer's anoldhand-writtenlabelwasfoundpinnedwith aseries
description. As such, theylisted the name daunus as a of T bathyllus in The Natural History Museum,
junior synonym of bathyllus. This treatment led the London. It reads "Synonymy: Lintneria Edw. 1877
online Integrated Taxonomic Information System to daunus Cram., Cocceius G&S 1900pylades Scud." This
incorrectly consider Cramer's daunus as an "invalid label was obviously prepared after 1900 and indicates
juniorsynonym" ofbathyllus (ITIS 2006). that a subsequent researcher interpreted Lintneria to
It should be mentioned that T. bathyllus is not the be synonymous with Thorybes. The label also lists the
only species that has been associated with P. daunus, type species of the given genera: P. daunus for
albeitin asomewhat convoluted fashion. Butler (1877) Lintneria and Eudamus pylades Scudder for Cocceius
designatedP. daunus as thetype species ofagenus that Godman & Salvin, 1894 (not 1900). The author ofthis
Edwards (1877a) published at Butler's urging, calling it labelprobablyfollowedthetreatmentofLindsey(1921)
Lintneria. Edwards soon realized that this name was and may have further encouraged Hemming (1967) to
preoccupied by a genus ofsphingid moths that Butler connect Butler's daunus with T bathyllus, despite
had previously described. Butler suggested the evidence to the contraiy.
replacement name ofSystasea, which Edwards (1877b) The dispute over the identity ofP. daunus parallels
dutifully proposed. It was assumed by Lindsey (1921) that ofanother controversial Cramerian name, Papilio
andHemming(1967) that Butler'sdaunuswasthesame coras (typelocality"Surinamen"). Earlyon,P. coraswas
species as T. bathyllus. As a result, several checklists associated with the North American species now
have placed Lintneria Butler, 1877, within the recognized as Wallengrenia otho E. Smith).
(J.
synonymy of the genus Thorybes. However, Butlers Following several publications dating back to Kirby
specimen of daunus was purportedly from "St. (1879), Evans (1955) considered P. coras tobe asenior
Domingo" (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) synonym ofthe North American species Politespeckius
where T. bathyllus is not found. Butler also placed his (W. Kirby). dos Passos (1964) popularized this
daunus into a group ofskippers that included Systasea treatment, whichwas hesitantlycontinued by Miller &
zampa (W. H. Edwards), a Neotropical species with Brown (1981, 1983). Disagreementoverthe identityof
scalloped hindwings. He did not associate it with any Cramers figure has led to a gradual migration back to
speciesofThorybes. Edwards (1877a) notedthat Butler thenameofP. peckius (e.g. Stanford 1980, Ferris 1989,
had sent him a "pen drawing ofDaunus, its antennae, Miller 1992, Opler &Warren 2002). However, Mielke
Volume 61, Number 2 107
(2004, 2005) continued to give priority to coras, own amusement, Cramer later decided to publish the
declaring, "It is impossible to associate Papilio coras to resulting artwork. Through a series of owners, the
any neotropical species." Just as contentious is Papilio watercolors were acquired in 1913 by The Natural
hyllus Cramer, which has been associated with North Histoiy Museum, London, where they are now
American and Old World butterflies (Butler 1899, deposited in the Entomology Library (Gilbert 2000,
Brown & Field 1970. Kocak 1983, Opler & Warren Harvey 2005). The arrangement and compositions of
2002). The identity ofPapilio ladon Cramer was also the drawings differ from the engraved reproductions
disputed until itwas established to represent the North (Figs. 1, 2). To assist in locating specific drawings, the
American species now recognized as Celastrina ladon Entomology Library also preserves an unpublished
(Butler 1885, Elwes 1900, Clench & Miller 1980). As cross-reference that was prepared by a suspected early
noted by Clench & Miller (1980), such nomenclatural owner (Labouchere [179?]). The original drawings are
disagreements resurface every few decades until they generallymoreaccurate anddetailedthan the engraved
are adequatelyresolved. plates. Chainev (2005) noted diat the originals more
The published figure. Papilio daunus was closely resemble surviving type specimens than do the
illustrated life-sized as figure F on Plate 126 ofCramer published versions. Earlier researchers, including W.
(1777) (Figs. 1, 3). The broad wings suggest that the H. Evans of the British Museum (Natural Histoiy),
specimen was a female. It superficially resembles T. were apparently unaware that the original drawings
bathyllus, but as Lindsey et al. (1931) observed, were preserved in London. Clench & Miller (1980)
"Cramers figureis averypoorlikenessofanyspecies of referred to them as "pattern plates." Because of
thegenus." BasedonthepublishedfigureofP. daunus, variation in the published figures, assessments of
de Jong (1983) and Mielke (2005) rejected potential Cramerian taxa should be restricted to the original
Neotropical species. drawings.
Cramer's P. daunus exhibits the same number of The original drawingofP. daunus is labeledin faded
forewing spots as T. bathyllus, but their shapes are ink as "E" on Lambertz's drawing no. 91 (Figs. 2, 4).
indistinct and vary from one copy of the book to The wing shape is more refined and the forewing spots
another. This variability is an inherent problem are clearly delineated. The wing fringes are dark and
associated with hand-colored engraved reproductions. the brown ground color fades less sharply towards the
Engravers usually overlooked subtle characters, while outer wing margins than in the published figure. The
colorists often obscured critical pattern elements. forewing possesses ten pale spots. There is a large,
Clench & Miller (1980) compared actual specimens vaguelv hourglass-shaped discal spot. Two costal spots
with several figures on Cramer's published plate 270, are placed adjacent to the discal spot, at an oblique
noting inconsistencies in wing shape and coloration. angle. A postmedian spot in cell Cu is linear, slightlv
t
Butler (1899) had earlier noted die "unequal merit" in crescent-shaped, andseparatedfrom anadjacentspotin
the quality of the plates. Original drawings can cell M3. A submarginal spot in cell Cu, is small and
therefore be more valuable in assessing problematic triangular. There is a row offour subapical spots that
taxa (Calhoun 2003, 2004, 2006). The original drawing subtly curves towards the outer margin (most obvious
of P. daunus must be consulted to ensure that the on the right forewing). Surrounding each eye is white
resemblanceofthepublishedfiguretoanygivenspecies coloring, which is completely lacking in the published
is not aresultofthereproductionprocess. The identity version. The wing veins are too generalized for
ofPapilio ladon was also reinforced by an examination consideration.
ofits original drawing (postscript footnote in Clench & Females of Thorybes bathyllus are extremelv
Miller 1980). variable, but can resemble P daunus (Figs. 5, 6). The
The original figure. The production ofthe plates ground color is often paler toward the outer wing
for Uitlandische Kapellen has historically been margins and there are ten forewing spots. The discal
misunderstood, with some authors believing that spotis typicallylargeandhourglass-shaped. Adjacentto
Cramerhimselfcreated the illustrations (e.g. Clench & the discal spot are two costal spots, which can be
Miller 1980). The original drawings forCramer's plates obliquely placed similar to those ofP. daunus (Fig. 6
were completed ca. 1770 by the Dutch artist Gerrit inset). This is contrary- to Forbes (1960), who argued
Wartenaar Lambertz (1747-1803). According to the that T. bathyllus does nothaveobliquecostalspots. The
preface in Cramer(1775), Lambertzwas commissioned size and shape ofthe postmedian spot in cell Cu varies
t
toprovideillustrations ofthe specimens ofLepidoptera from rectangular to somewhat crescent-shaped. The
inCramers collection, aswellasthose in the collections submarginal spot in cell Cu is triangular. The four
ofother Dutch naturalists. Originally intended for his subapical spots in T. bathyllus are usually arranged in a
108 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
straightorslightlycurvedrow. Theeyesaresurrounded and often difficult to distinguish. The subapical spots
bywhite scales. tend to be somewhat smaller with an outward
Despite this resemblance to T. bathyllus, another disjunction in the lowermost spot (Fig. 7). The
species is even more similar to P. daunus. Thorybes lowermost spot on the right forewing of P. daunus also
confusis Bell was not described until 1923, thus it was appears to be slightly offset (Fig. 4). Compared to T.
unknowntoearlierauthorswhoidentifiedspecimens as bathyllus, a greater percentage of T. confusis possess
T. bathyllus. Thorybes confusis is less common, but postmedian spots in the same configuration as P.
occurs overawide rangewith T. bathyllus, primarilyin daunus. The spot in cell Cu is generally narrower and
;
the southeastern United States from Virginia frequently crescent-shaped in T. confusis, while it is
southward. Females of these species are very similar usually more squared or hourglass-shaped in T.
Figs. 1-5. PapiliodaunusandThorybesspecies. 1,Plate 126fromCramer(1777)(P. daunus: centerrow,secondfrombottom). 2,drawing
no. 91 byG. W. Lambertz"'*^ daunus: bottom right). 3, engraved figure ofP. daunus. 4, original figure" ofP. daunus. 5, rotated
("mounted")viewofdieoriginalfigure"ofP. daunus. 6,femaleT.bathyllus(PendletonCo.,WestVirginia;MGCL). Insetshowsobliquely
placedcostalspotsonanotherfemale(AlachuaCo.,Florida: MGCL). 7,femaleT.confusis(MooreCo..NorthCarolina; MGCL). "©The
NaturalHistoryMuseum,London.
Volume 61, Number 2 109
bathyllus. A significant feature that has been ofinsect material pouringinto Europe at that time, the
unrecognized in prior diagnoses of T. confusis is the origins of many specimens became forgotten and
proximityofdie spots in cells M„ and Cu.. These spots confused. Loose standards forlabeling specimens also
are almost always coupled, or nearlyso, in T. bathyllus resulted in erroneous localities. In addition, naturalists
M
(Fig. 6). The inneredgeofdie spotincell is usually sometimes associated specimens with more exotic-
3
aligned with die outer edge of die spot in cell Cu,. locales to promote their rarity and value. North
Thesespots are distinctlyseparatedin T. confusis,which American butterflies that Cramer erroneously
is more consistent with P. daunus (Figs. 4, 5, 7). attributed to Suriname include those that he described
Thoughvariable,thewingfringes alsotendtobedarker as Papilio clarus and Papilio cocyta (now- Epargyreus
in T. confusis thanin T. bathyllus. clarus and Phyciodes cocyta). The figured specimen
Plate 171 in Seitz ([1907]-1924) includes dorsal and that accompanied Cramer's description ofPapilio ladon
ventral figures of female specimens, identified as (now Celastrina ladon) was attributed to South Africa,
"daunus," with spot patterns not unlike the original resultingin much disagreementoverits identity. Otiier
drawing ofP. daunus. These figures accompanied the North American butterflies that were given erroneous
treatment o£Thorybes daunus (=bathyllus) by Draudt localities arePapiliopalamedes (Drury) (NewYork) and
(1921-1924). Basedondieseillustrations, Lindseyetal. Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius) (Jamaica). A
(1931) and Bell (1938) credited Draudt for this number of additional North American butterflies,
synonymy ("Draudt, not Cramer"). However, the principally species of Papilionidae, were attributed to
separated postmedian spots and markedly offset Jamaica. Butler (1899) complained about the "utter
subapical spots suggesttiiatdie dorsal figure portrays T. unreliability of many of Cramer's localities." It is
confusis, while die elongated spots ofdieventral figure obyious that the reference to Suriname in the
are more evocative ofawell-marked Thorybes pylades description ofP daunus cannotbe trusted.
(Scudder). A similar discrepancy was discovered on The illustrated holotype of P daunus purportedly
Plate 22 ofPapilio bathyllus in Smith & Abbot (1797). came from the collection of the Dutch physician and
Anexaminationofdieoriginaldrawingrevealedthatthe naturalistPieterBoddaert(1730-1795/96). Boddaert. a
females are consistentwitii T. confusis (Calhoun 2006). subscribertoCramer's opus, lecturedonnaturalhistory
Ofcourse,thereareotherpyrgineskippersthatshare and published several works on zoology (Burkliardt
the general forewing pattern of P. daunus. These 1989). In 1772, he began to publish a Dutch
include C. potrillo and T. pylades, as well as species of abridgementofLinnaeus' SystemaNaturae, butdidnot
Cogia andCodatractus. Thesespecies, however, donot completetheproject (Cassin 1864). Boddaertprovided
as closely resemble the drawing of P. daunus. Also several specimens to Cramer, but later criticized die
similaris Thorybes mexicana (Herrich-Schaffer). Evans quality ofthe plates in Uitlandische Kapellen. Casper
(1952) proposed that T. confusis was a subspecies ofT. Stoll, who completed the work after Cramers untimely
mexicana andthis synonymywas recentlyreiterated by death, condemned Boddaert for his negative appraisal
Mielke (2004, 2005). Thonjbes mexicana is aless likely ofthe book (Cramer 1779-1780). Boddaert described
candidate forP. daunus, asitismorediminutive, usually numerous species, particularly birds and mammals,
lacks forewingcostal spots, andoccursinthe mountains from the collections of another Dutch naturalist.
of the western United States and Mexico. These Johannes Albertus Schlosser (P-1769) (Hoefer 1853,
regions remained unexploredin the 1770s. Larousse 1867). Duringdie 17S0s, Boddaertdescribed
Source of the figured holotype. As with many many NewWorld birds, includingthe North American
otherspecies in hisbook, CramerstatedthatP. daunus brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) (FringillidaeV
occurred in Suriname. Shortly after Suriname became It is possible that he acquired die specimen of P
a Dutch colony in the late seventeenth century, daunus from Schlosser's extensive collections after
naturalists began acquiring insect specimens from the Schlosser's death in 1769. Dutch naturalists obtained
region. Oneofthe firsttostudythe insects ofSuriname specimens from many sources, such as Dru Drury of
was Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717). She departed London, who possessed a large number of North
the Netherlands in 1699 and spent two years in American insects (Chainey 2005). Cramer himself
Suriname (Wettengl 1998, Todd 2007), laterpublishing attributedspeciesofLepidopteratoNewYork,Virginia.
an illustrated book about some ofthe insects she had Maryland, and "Carolina." Drurv (1770-1782) listed
encountered (Merian 1705). Later in die eighteenth these same locations as die sources ofmany ofhis own
century, Cramer and other Dutch naturalists obtained insect specimens. The provenance of die P daunus
numerous insect specimens from Suriname, whichwas specimen, via Boddaert, does not restrict its origin to
thenknownas Dutch Guiana. Duetothelargeamount Suriname.
110 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society
Original description. Thebriefwritten description and neotype designations that are based only on
ofP. daunus has virtually been ignored bysubsequent engraved illustrations can result in critical
researchers. Itwas given in Dutch and French on page misinteipretations (Calhoun 2003).
44ofCramer(1777). The Dutch description reads "De The limited evidence indicates that Papilio daunus
witte vlakken en stippen op de vleugelen van deze Cramer is most likely a North American species of
eenkleurige Dikkop-Kapel (Pap. Pleb. Urbicol.) zyn Thorybes. Theholotypewasprobablycollectedpriorto
eenigzints doorschynend. Op den binnengrond ziet 1770 along the Atlantic coast between the colonial
men een donker paarschen weerschyn" [The white American ports of New York and Savannah, Georgia.
patches and spots on the wings of this unicolorous AlthoughP. daunus has repeatedlybeenassociatedwith
skipper (Pap. Pleb. Urbicol.) are somewhat hyaline. T. bathyllus, the drawing of the holotype is more
There is adarkpurple irradiation on the ground color]. reminiscent ofT. confusis. Nonetheless, the identityof
The French version differs slightly; "Les taches P. daunus cannotbe confidentlydetermined.
blanches & les points blancs des ailes de ce Plebeien As shown by the detailed synopsis in Mielke (2005),
noble (Pap. Pleb. Urbicol) dont les deux surfaces ont la prevailing usage has strongly favored Papilio bathyllus
meme couleur, sont un peu transparentes. On voit sur for over two centuries. Thorybes confusis has been
le fond bran un chatoyant violet pale" [Thewhite spots appliedwithout dispute to the same species forover 80
& the white points ofthe wings ofthis noble Plebeien years. Neither name should be upset by a priority
(Pap. Pleb. Urbicol.), ofwhichthetwosurfaceshavethe replacement involving Papilio daunus Cramer,
same color, are a little transparent. One sees on the including the designation of a neotype to objectively
brown bottom a shimmering pale violet]. The identify this taxon. The evidence is insufficient to
abbreviation of "Pap. Pleb. Urbicol." refers to the ensurethatsuch aneotypewouldbeconsistentwiththe
Linnaean classification system, where Papilio is the missingholotype. Furthermore, itcouldbeundesirable
genus, Plebijus is a group of smaller species that to pursue the suppression ofPapilio daunus Cramer, as
includes die skippers, and Urbicolae is a subgroup of it is a primary homonym ofPapilio daunus Boisduval,
species thatpossesswhite ortransparent spots. 1836 (Papilionidae). This action would force apriority
The original description could define a number of replacement ofPapilio multicaudata W. F. Kirby, 1884,
NewWorld hesperiids with hyaline spots. However, a byPapiliodaunus Boisduval. Topreservenomenclatural
significant detail is the mention ofa radiant purple or stability, Papilio daunus Cramer is best considered a
violet in the ground color. Under the proper lighting, nomen dubium.
the dorsalwings ofT. bathylhis and T. confusis displaya
distinct purplish luster. This was observed by Scudder Acknowledgments
(1889), who described T. bathyllus as "very dark rich INawtouurladllHikiesttoortyhaMnuksLeauumr,aWLiogngdionns,anfdorKaltoiceatAinndgerthseonoroifgTinhael
brown, usually with an olivaceo-purplish tinge." The drawingandarrangingforphotography. RienkdeJong(Nation-
French version ofthe original description ofP. daunus aalNatuurliistorische Museum,Leiden,Netherlands)translated
seems to restrict the violet coloring to die ventral theDutchdescriptionofP. daunusandsearchedthecollections
underhiscarefortireholotype. JohnChaineyandJim Reynolds
surfaces ofthe wings. Again, the undersides ofboth T. searched forthe holotype off. daunus andotherspecimensin
bathyllus and T. confusis have a gleaming reddish- The Natural History Museum, London. Entomologists at die
purple overtone, which is most obvious on the McGuireCenterforLepidopteraandBiodiversity(FloridaMu-
seumofNaturalHistoryGainesville.Florida)graciouslyallowed
hindwings offresh specimens. Dyar (1905) noted that accesstothosecollections. BeverlyPopeandAliceSanders(Di-
the underside of T. bathijllus is "brown, with violet visionofPlantIndustryLibrary, Gainesville, Florida) assistedin
reflections." This colorationisvisiblein aphotograph of obtainingliterature. IalsooffermysinceregratitudetoJohnM.
Burns, Jacqueline Y. Miller, Lee D. Miller, John A. Shuey, and
T. bathyllus in Glassberg (1999, Plate 49, fig. 3). AndrewD.Warrenforreviewingdraftsofthemanuscript.
Discussion
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