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M d j n a cques c o rga m F Di G l f h E i r r r r or e e c to - ene a o t e gyp t an D m f A h lo d f m G l ep a rt en t o rc aeo gy a n or er enera D l f h h i P i F r e eg a t e n e s a o t e renc M f d i i t E ti n s ry o u ca on T h H T TH IS O RY O F E e M N N A A R O E I P E P LE m m T m h R F i t t t ro e e o e s e s h P D t t n t o e r e s e a y T M H P f b G U S AV E SC LU BERG ER re a ce y m f h A d f A t i t n n o e ca e y o c e M m d f t Lit t onu en s a n o e ra ure V i i d l i ct r x causa us p a cu t , d i C i se v ct a a ton . b l ( L P I 1 2 8 ) n u ca arsa a , , . Illustra ted W i th 2 9 6 Ma ps Pl ans a nd D ocument a ry Sketches , , b h A h y t e ut or . T l d b ra ns ate y T ERNES F BARRY . T A N D E D I C I O T A m d d h b k m m i I i t t i i o you r en a ns e ca e s oo n e ory , , , m of those ha ppy days of y youth sp ent in your pi cturesq ue f m m ll h ounta in vi a g es i n your enc anting orests a ong your , , f fl w p l d m d w ll li t i i th b ti l o er-s a ng e ea o s a g s en ng n e eau u h E i t as ern suns ne . f f M h f h d d f h b i t i t t t n ay s s ory o e ee s o your ore a ers r g m h h h d l d h f h t t t t t p i t t p t o your oug e a un ess a n u r g en o e as wh h b th d th i bili t f h t d th i o a ve eq uea e you e r no y o ea r a n e r f m m bl l f ti l d d i d unconq uera e ove o na ona ree o a n re n you , m m f l f h i t i t t i t o your a nc en nea g e one o e os a nc en a ong , h ll l f h h l f h w fi t i t i p p t t t t t e us r ous eo es o e ea r a so o e en y ve , f h d d h h h l l l d t t t i t t un re yea rs a your a ers a ve va an y s rugg e h ld h h f H k t p t t i o u o e onor o your g rea a . M m m h d d ll h t i i ti t t n ay s e ca on reca o so e a o g you e f f m t l wh d h h i d li ht l ra ve er o oun suc c a r n your e g u d h l l h f h ld h t i i t i t i t coun ry-s e n e s very a ug er o your c ren e , , f h f h h d ll l h pp p i ti t n a y so g s o your s e er s your v a g e es va s e , , f f lk d h f t t i i zourna o your coun ry- o a n e s ng ng o your , m d i n a e s . O m d l m b h m h b k t p p ! t ti t i a r yre eo e ay you y e e s oo , f h d w f fi l d f d m m pp t a ea rs see e a n o your na ay o ree o : ay , T w h h b i t p t i i you your oe c o a n a n s ng : f h ld h fi m Be o t e re sp ringing a new ro ou t the night; T h dd l w f h m i t t i t p e re ng g o o e oun a n o s ; T ’ i th w t t h f ll s e s ee es our o a , f h l l w k t i t Li ! e ove y rea a en ng o e A P R E F C E D m u i g th i i gl y d l w h w t v r n s se e n en e s s a r t e o rs e e r to , m m m fll i ki d A i h u d u b t d ly b h t u f tu t a ct a n n r en a a s n o e e en t e os n o r na e , f ll l d h m t c k d d t rtu d m v th B l gi u m o a a n s t e os ra e a n o re ore so e en a n e , , , m m m th S b i ! V i c ti f h f i gh tfu l c b y h o re so a n e r a o t e r a s s a re s t e T k bj c t d h c l t h p tl y d l i d b y h R ur s su e e to t e rue e s o rro rs a r e ve re t e us , , i d th w f l l y b d d b y th m A m i h h s a ns a n e n oe u a a n one e r e n a a s s e e n e r , fi d i d t i l p p l ti d c i m t d ' th i k b l ne a n n us r ous rura o u a on e a e to a n un n a e ex t t th gh m t b mi b l i f l ght N ly i h en rou a o s a o na e s e r e s o s a u e rs ot on s s e . h h p p i t f ti b ti l hi t y i l i ttl k w t e un a e s o na ons ut no na ona s or s s o e no n , m i h d p i t h f ct th t th i h i t y w c f u a s s e rs es e t e a a s s o r a s on e so a o s , . T h f thi i th t f v l c t i A m i h b n n n n e rea so or s s a o r s e e ra e ur e s r e a a s e e m c t tl y h ld d w b th h t b b l f vi t d h ons a n e o n ene a t e o s un e a ra e o s e r u e s t e , m b l d y Ott y k I w t c i vi l i z ti h d ly b oo o a n o e n ou r e s e rn a on a r a ny ut a . v y f w ch l k w h l y h i t y f h A m i th e r e s o a rs no t e e a r s or o t e r e n a ns o se , m m m c i t d d i v l ti w h th i th w l i k c p l y d t a n en a n e e a e s e n s e n a r e ra e a e a o s m m i p t t 61 i h h i t l d f h E t w l d fi t h R o r a n r e n t e n e r a n o t e a s e rn o r rs t e o a n , d th h C h i ti a n en t e r s a n . A f w b l mi d d m f h i l g d ly t i d e no e - n e en o t s on a n so re r e na m ti l g wi th F ch f i d d v t d th i c f l t i t on a on s o e ren r en s e o e to e r a use e , , u g t b i g A m i ’ h i th t gl c t d hi t y h r en to r n r en a s er o ne e e s or to t e k wl d g f h g l F ch p b l i c d th t f Al l i th gh n t n n n o e e o e e e ra re u a a o our e s rou , m p b l i h d w k f h i gh t d i g d p cti c l v l Th i th y d d a u s e o r o s a n n a n ra a a ue s e e e e . f h b t w y i t t h w ld d F c i p ti c l i one o t e e s a s to n e re s t e or a n ra n e n a r u a r n , , h l v t i f w rthy p p l Th f i d f A m i ch t n e sa a o o s o o a e o e e se r en s o r e n a oo s . , i p k m f h b t m g th m h g t p t i t A h n n n t n t g a s s o es a o e o e e s a o e e re a a r o rc a g , T m m h b i ki d ly k d d vi c wh th y h u ld p p l n n n t t c o a a a s e y a e a s o o e s o a ea o , y th i d iffi c lt t k O m c m c m th ght ca rr out s u a s ne na e a e a t on e to y ou . M m th t f f i d J c q d g h i t p i d x pl r r h a o y r en a ue s e or a n t e n re e o e t e , , c h l ly d th i t i c t v l r d g t ch l gi t w d s o a r a n e n us a s ra e e a n re a a r a eo o s reno ne , f hi xc v ti S d i E gy p t N i b tt c q i t d or s e a a ons a t us a a n n o one s e e r a ua n e . wi th h v t i d A m i d wi h Arm i i l f wh i h t e a s reg ons a roun r en a a n t en a ts e c , , m N m h h t v l d v th y h fully n n n n e a s ra e e o e r ore a a o e o o e a s ore ca re . m tu d i d h y i u b i i g d h h i t y f h c h s e t e ste r o s e g nn n s a n t e s or o t ose ra e s t a t M m ttl d v h g i fic t l d th f h C u c u y y r s e e o e r t e a n en a n s sou o t e a a s s a n e a s . f i c t l b h d i mp i d hi h l th wh p m d vi o n e s sa n a or a a re s e a yet en u on y a ce , m A m i f i d k d him w i t h h i t y f th i ti y r en a n r en s a s e to r e t e s o r o e r na on m d c mp i gl i u b f g tt l i v l u f t ri k a n to o a s s ts o r o s ut or o e n a nna s n a o e o s m i i t t b wi d l y d i i t d i b h l f f th i c r d u h ng n e re s to e e s se na e n e a o s sa e ca se e , , m c c c p t d d p i t hi p h l th d c p ti v r c lu i a t on e a e e e s e s oor e a a n o a ra e e s on . , H w k i mm d i t ly h p p y b b l ti l l v h b l i m e set to o r e a e a to e a e s to se r e t e su e , m c f p p d p p l I w y f d t l b r h c pl t d a use o o re s s e e o e s n t o e a rs o a r e n a o e o e e . m thi i p t t w k f ch g t i t t v t p b l i l c ki g s or a n o r o su re a n e re s to a a s u c s o a n , i k wl d g b t A m i I h v b d h g t h r f n no e e a ou r en a a e e en one t e re a ono o . m b i g k d w i t f w i t d ct y l i th i v l u F h i e n a s e to r e a e n ro u or ne s to s o e or t s . m m h I p h p i d b t d w w k h C ru d d n n t n n t n o o r a e r a s e e o y o or s o e sa e s a B yz ti h i t y i wh i ch I ft h d f r h v l u a n ne s or n so o en a to re e to t e a oro s , d d i h E t f h i l l t i A m i c Th i i h fi r ee s n t e a s o t e us r ous r en a n ra e s s t e st . m ” M m “ m t i w t J cq d g th t I w i ti g h e ro e a ue s e or a n to e a a not r n t e pre , ,, m m ” f c y l f f b k ! I c c p t d h w v th i pl bl t n a e se o o e o y oo s a e e o e e r s ea sura e , , t k w i th h t t d i t ti f w i ti g b i fl y i t d c a s t e s a e n en on o r n r e not to t e- n ro u e to , , M m h p b l i f i d g l d y w ll k w b i f p i bl t e u c y r en or a n a rea so e no n ut os s e to , d w h f th tt ti f ll h l l i d ti h u h p p y ra t e ur e r a en on o a t e a e na ons to t e n a A m m i p p l d h b i b l i j u ti c th y h v d u d n n n t t n n n r e a e o e a o e a o a e s e e a e e re f c t i n or e ur es . I f d l y h p th t v y m y F ch p pl d v y m y f on o e a e r a n ren eo e a n e r a n o , m l l i wi l l d t hi d i b l d cl u tl i u d d our a e s re a s a ra e a n e a r o ne so n e rsta n , , i l f rth f h h i t y f A m i h i t y f t i f ng y s et o o t e s or o r en a a s or o cen ur es o , , v l f gy d f ff i g l i v d u d r h h d w f h w a or o ene r a n o s u e r n e n e t e s a o o t e t o , , , m A m t i f t h gi t th t t w r v r h l d F p r oun a ns o ra ra t e a n s a o e o e t e a n or y a t , . , I f l th t f ll h d i ff t p i d f thi p pl ’ c t tly b e e a o a t e e re n e r o s o s e o e s ons a n su m l i d t gi c h i t y ff m i t t th th t f h e a n ra s o r none o e rs o re n e re s a n a o t e , A m i ti d i g h C d d h l g p t th i d u gh ty r en a n na on ur n t e rusa e s a n t e a r e a r e r o v i g t k b y h i d f h L ti p i c f h u f s o e re ns oo t e s e o t e a n r n e s or t e ca se o C h i t d m v I wi h h i p l d i d v l m h v g t n r s e o o e rse a s s t s s en o u e t e e ry rea suc . M d c i t rv i t c t i b t u p h fi l vi r w r e s s e se es ay on r u e on t e na cto y no so nea . , , t w d h t y f A m i f d f m h u b bl T ki h y k o a r s t e e n r o r en a ree ro t e n ea ra e ur s o e , , i t h i ghtf l d d fi i t p l c wh i ch h i ti t l d i h fu tu r n o t e r u a n e n e a e to s e s en e n t e e N S c i ty f ti ! o e o a ons C M GU S TAVE S HLU B ERG ER m S p t b 19 1 8 e e e r , . W FORE ORD T m f i d G t S c h l mb m mb f h I tit t f o y r en us a ve u erge r e e r o t e ns u e o , F c h mi t B ti i t d h t A m i t A h ra n e t e e ne n yza n n s a n to t e grea r en a n poe rc a g , , T h b i I m i d bt d f h id f w iti g t hi hi t f A m i n c o a n a n a n e e or t e e a o r n s s ory o r e a . , m I t wa s with s ome hes ita tion tha t I und e rtook s o bold a nd I d o not ind , m i g d t k A d cc f h lti li it d s a y n a r uous a s r uous on a ount o t e u p c y a n nu . , f t t l f c f i f m ti d f h f c t th t th or una te a ng e o s our es o n or a on a n o t e a a es e a re , i l bl ft l i A m i f c th cl d m mb a va a e s o o e n on y n r e n a n a a t a t os e to e a nu er , H f f d w m i d ’ t I b t h w k d o oors o e ver a t y r e n s urg e n re q ues t s e t a ou t e or a n . , , . d d w it hi t whic h h ld b withi h f ll e n e a vore to r e a s ory s ou e n t e ra nge o a d wi h d ti f m h t ic t li mit f c c t c h l hi re a ers t out epa r ng ro t e s r s o a ura e s o a rs p . A h m tim I c h d ’ i d l c b c f m t t e s a e e ra ve t e re a e r s n u ge n e e a us e or a ny rea m t id h h ’ wil l i i c il i c l t F thi s ons ou s e t e a ut or s t s ne es s a r y n o p e e or one ng . , h t h f d t i h li b i f R i th C c d C t e s ore ous es o a a n t e ra r es o us s a e a u a s us a n on , , m m i l d i l d l t h i c h w itt i s ta nt nop e a re not a t y s pos a a n a s o ere s s o u r en n , , l I d k w d t l d c tl il a ngua ges o not no a n not ye t ra ns a te ons e q ue n y una va , m bl A f c h l ic l t i l i i ctic l l i t t I R a e s or a r a e o og a a er a t s pra a y non-ex s en n us . , . i A m i h c ti which I b g i 1 8 87 8 8 w b tl s a n r e n a t e ex a va ons e a n n - ere s u s e q uen y f bid d b h I m i l G m t d h h dl b or e n y t e per a ove rn e n a n a ve a r y ye t ee n re — , m d b R i C mmi i whil i T ki h A m i d h s u e y a us s a n o ss on s t n ur s r e n a ue to t e , i m bl d iffic l i i d b h Ott m m ch nnu e ra e u t es ra s e y t e o a n gove rn ent no s ea r es h b tt m t d b d f w c ti f m l l t V a ve ee n a e p e eyon a e ex a va ons o s a ex ent a t a n . W f c l bli d l l b c k f h li t i d e a re ons e q ue nt y o ge to a a s o a r a s t e e a r es per o s a re , c c d h t t m t f c l ic l G k d L ti th mi on erne on t e s a e e n s o a s s a ree a n a n a u ors nus , , ch l ic l a ny a r a e o og a s upport . M A with h hi t f ll O i t l l ci l l i h idd l s t e s ory o a r en a pe op es es pe a y n t e e , A h l f A m i t m l c m l Th i t l c d t ge s t e a nna s o r e n a a re ex re e y o p ex e n er a e eve n s , . m l i ti t l l t d h l ti f h l f A i b a re not on y n a e y re a e to t e e vo u on o t e peop es o s a ut . f l t l d d h liti f w t ti th t a s o re quen y epen on t e po cs o es ern na ons ; s o a one m f t t d l with g l hi l i h c d f c f us o e n e a e nera s tory to exp a n t e a us e a n ef e t o l A m i h i g A f h f c t t h m l h l pure y r e n a n a ppe n n s s or t e a s e s e ves t e re e va nt . , d c m t i m c wid l c tt d d m h o u e n s a re n os t a s es ve ry e y s a e re s pre a a ong t e , hi t i d ch ic l f f i ti Th h d b d i c d d i s or es a n ron es o ore gn na ons ey a to e s overe s . , — m f f c d d c d k tl d i fic l th b i us s e a n o pa re a ta s re q ue n y f u t ey e ng o te n na r , , , d d ifi l b h i c h i l ra te e re nt y y t e va r ous ron c e rs . A l 1 8 89 I w t d i A m i hi t d I m d s e a r y a s a s i nte res e n r e n a n s ory a n a e a , f M m b i i c i i thi i t ti g bj c l i l d i i r e n urs on nto s n e res n s u e t i n a vo u e e nt t e z s s on i ifi C Et d ch é l gi q h i i q T m I I sc ent q ue a u a uca s e u e s a r o o ue s e t st or ue s o e , . . R ch c h l i gi d p l d C c B h titl h w e e r e s s ur e s o r ne s e s peu e s u a u a s e ut a s t e e s o s . , , hi c h w t i t d h A m i d h hi t f t s res e a r a s not re s r c e to t e r e n a ns a n t e s ory o , A m i w l i l d d i i m i c t m tt ti b i g m r e n a a s on y nc u e n ts a n a spe s y a en on e n ore , tic l l d i c d t h i h i i f h K t li pa r u a r y re te o t e q ues t ons a s to t e or g ns o t e a r ve a n l p p e o es . N h l I h d mi d h m t f A m i c f ll e ve rt e e s s a exa ne t e a t e r o r e n a ve ry a re u y , b th d i c d d h c h c f h A m i l wh m t n t t t n n p p o a s rega r s s re or s a e a ra e r o e r e a e o e o , f m m m m T I k w h i li d l g ti g t h h h ne ro a v ng ve a on e a on e es e a re t e re a s ons . M T wh G S c h l mb g d A h b i d m w it d y es s rs u e r e r a n c o a n a n urge e to r e a n . . . , wh 1 i ld d h i wi h t t y y e e o e r s es . M i h ci c m c w iti g hi t f A m i ore ove r n t e pre s e nt r u s ta n e s r n a s ory o r e n a , , f f m i l i h i f ci c b i i l il li g d t h it s not on y n t e nte res ts o s e n e ut t s u n a u y to u a n y , , l f li tl k w m mb d l f i w d d to a pe op e a r too t e no n re e e re on y or ts oes a n e , , i f h i d ti s e rv ng o a a pp e r e s ny . D i h l hi t h h l d i c m b k ur ng t e ne a r y t r y ye a rs t a t a ve e a ps e s n e y oo on h C c d m w k h d l wi h h ti f t e a u a s us a ppe a re nu e rous or s a ve ea t t t e q ues on o , fi h A m i l ’ b i i f h t d f m ki d ’ li t e r e n a n pe op e s rs t e g nn ngs or t e s u y o a n n s e a r es t , i m h i l g d m ’ th ht d h A m i h t e s a s a ct ve y e nga e e n s oug s a n t e r e n a ns a ve not “ f H b l i th i i i w f w b k i ti l e e n e t ou t n es e nves t ga t ons o e ve r a e oo s n pa r cu a r are . , fi i l l b c mm d d f h f ci ti c m h d th i th s pe c a y to e o e n e o r t e s a e s e n e t o e r a u ors f m f m h l l w d th ll c h h c c l i d ifi i w a ve o o e ; e y a re a t e s a e on us ons ro e re nt v e i A M E I L LE T i hi G mm i c mp é d l ’A mé i c l po nts n s ra a re o a r e e r n en a s . . , f m f f i q d d c hi l i f h l g i t bl s ue e u es ro s a na ys s o t e a ngua e rre u a e proo s M N N f h I d E i i f h l e'l D OLE S d o t e n o- ur ope a n or g n o t e pe op e ; e s s rs o a n . A KHATC H i th i Hi t i d c i A mé i ( 1907 ) d M n e r s o re e s a n ens r n ens a n . . K k ASLAN i hi Et d l P l mé i ( 1909) ll i l e vor n s u e s s ur e e up e a r n e n a v gorous y f d c l i m w g m t f 1 8 89 d di f h es pous e a n a r y y o n a r u e n s o a n s o s pos e o t e , m m i bl n p a ro e . fi W m H hil I w l l i wi g h c i f h t i t y e a s na y re v e n t e a nus r pt o t e pres e n s or f h A m i P p l th d ( 19 17 ) i R m b k f m t n n pp n o e r e a e o e e re a e a re o e a oo o s o e , im c b SAND ALGIAN Hi t i d c m t i d l ’A mé i d porta n e y s o re o u e n a re e r n e e s m m t p d p g i i whi h h w i t i c c l i c t e s u a a n s e n c t e r e r a rr ves a t on us ons on ra ry , 10 to thos e of M eil le t N D ole ns A Kha tch a nd K As l a n Unfortuna te ly , . , . , . . m the a uthor of this voluminous work ha s a ccepted d e ceiving ety ol ogical fi l gi th t h l d hi m f m ci ti c c l i a na o es a a ve e a s tra y ro s e n onc us ons . m T f A m i hi t t h d i id h c e s our es o r e n a n s ory a re ve ry nu erous ; ey v e T t l l i t t h c l cc d i g h i d h c h ic l na ura y n o re e a s s es a or n to t e pe r o s e ron es . , fi T m f h A t gi b c k t ti it h t t o t e ra ra re on go a to very re o e a n q u y e rs eve n s . h l t d i h Ni i i i c i ti d i th f U ( V ) t e re a re re a e n t e n v te ns r p ons a n n os e o ra rtu a n , m b t d t c id bl h i l f h A i h l t ut a n e a e ons e ra y t e a rr va o t e r e n a ns on t e p a ea u of E rzerum To dis cuss the peopl es c onq uere d a nd a s s i mil a ted by the . l i l w ld b t k h hi t f W t A i f m a te r a rr va s ou e to a e up t e s ory o es e rn s a ro m the 1 5 th or l 0th ce nturies B C thus going outs id e the fra ework of this . ., T H l m h d wil l fi d i h i t i c i d P u p l d vo u e e rea e r n n t e s o re a n e nne e s e e s e . l’O i b G M AS PE RO d i m P mi e C i vi l i ti ll h r ent y a n n y re re s sa ons a t e , . , , f id c h m d i th ti I h ll th d l wi th gu a n e e a y es re on es e q ues ons ; s a e re ore ea m h l i d i c tl t n n e o y re y . R g d i g h li t ti m f h A m i w h i e a r n t e ve ry e a r es e s o t e r e n a ns e a ve n , h W t h Ac h m i i c i p ti f B h i t ( bli h d d t e es : t e a e e n a n ns r ons o e s un pu s e a n , t l t d ‘ b OPPE R T) HE RODOTUS h i f XE NO ra ns a e y t e na rra t ves o , , PHON d h t di i h d d d w b PLIN Y S TRABO d a n t e ra t ons a n e o n to us y a n , , , T M M KH N P OLE Y l i h E h w iti g f OSE S f ORE with n t t t n ; a s o e a s e r s o o , f m f w h E t t h a e pa s s a ges ro ot e r a s e rn a u ors . A w t h Al d i w m b d tl d c m t d s e e n e r t e e xa n r a n e ra e a re ore a un a n y o u e n e , f f b th G k d L i w i t l l c hi l d i h S l cid or o re e a n a t n r te rs e us e y ur ng t e e e u a n , i d f h w w d b h S t f h E t l Cit g i t h p t t n t n n t e r o o e a rs a ge y e e a e o e er a y a a s e , l f S i P t d A m i ARRI AN DI OD OR US OF ru e rs o y r a on us a n r e n a , , . , SI CI L Y S TRAB O APPI AN ] US TI N ] OSE PHUS PLIN Y PL UT , , , , , , AR CH TACI TUS S PAR TI AN S UE TONI US DI ON CAS SI US E U , , , , , T T ROPI US F L OR US VE LLE I US PA E RC UL US th it ti n t a re a u or a ve o , , , l f d t h S l cid i d b t l f k wl d f on y or a a on t e e eu a n per o u a s o or our no e ge o events i h P thi Th W t w i bl if d fill i n t e a r a n e ra es e es e rn r te rs e na e us to ver y a n n . h t t m t l ft b AGAN THANGE L US b M OSE S OF t e s a e e n s e us y y , KH N ORE d th E t th wh l ti f h i a n o e r a s e rn a u ors os e re a on o a ppen ngs , , f h d id wit t ti bl t ey not nes s a re o en q ues ona e . D i h ti m f h R m E m i wh h l i w ur ng t e e o t e o a n p re e n t e e g ons e re con , fi l hti h A cid P i d w i g w i A m i h s ta nt y g ng t e rs a e rs a ns a n a g n a r n r en a t e , i m c d c i b t c k c mm m ti h c hi f va r ous e pe rors a us e o ns to e s ru o e ora ng t e e m T liti l ilit t i h E h i m ti m p o ca or a ry eve n s n t e a s t es e co ns a re s o e es very . f l i c l t bli hi d us e u n ac ura te y es a s ng a tes . f U t t l i gl m i f h m hi t ic l w k n or una e y not a s n e one re a ns o t e a ny s or a or s 1 1

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Due to the forests. , tha t reta in the moisture. , springs abound. A sma ll district to the east of la ke Seva n is ca lled Kirk-boula q,. “forty springs the Armenia ns ma de the mista ke of e spousing the cause of the riva l. They we re punished. , for Seva da. ' s sma ll a rmy wa s wiped out
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