The Fort Dearborn Massacre by Linai Taliaferro Helm

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Dearborn Massacre, by Linai Taliaferro
Helm, Edited by Nelly Kinzie Gordon

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Title: The Fort Dearborn Massacre
Written in 1814 by Lieutenant Linai T. Helm, One of the Survivors, with Letters and
Narratives of Contemporary Interest
Author: Linai Taliaferro Helm
Editor: Nelly Kinzie Gordon
Release Date: December 19, 2012 [eBook #41663]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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MASSACRE***

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Monument commemorating the Fort Dearborn Massacre

T H E

F O RT D E A R B O R N

M A S S A C R E

Written in 1814 by

Lieutenant Linai T. Helm

One of the survivors

WITH LETTERS AND NARRATIVES OF

CONTEMPORARY INTEREST

Edited by

Nelly Kinzie Gordon

RAND McNALLY & COMPANY

CHICAGO NEW YORK

Copyright, 1912, by
Nelly Kinzie Gordon

To my Native City

Chicago

whose marvelous growth and development

i have watched with pride and unfailing

interest since the year 1835

I dedicate this book

THE CONTENTS

page

Introduction
5

Judge Woodward's Letter to Colonel Proctor
9

Lieutenant Helm's Letter to Judge Woodward
13

Lieutenant Helm's Narrative
15

The Massacre at Chicago
27

John Kinzie
85

The Capture by the Indians of Little Eleanor Lytle
109

THE ILLUSTRATIONS

Monument commemorating the Fort Dearborn
Massacre
Frontispiece

facing page

Old Fort Dearborn
15

The old Kinzie house
85

Cornplanter, a Seneca chief
109

INTRODUCTION

The narrative of Lieutenant Linai T. Helm, one of the two officers who survived the Chicago
Massacre, mysteriously disappeared nearly one hundred years ago. This manuscript has
lately been found and is now in the possession of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical
Society, by whose kind permission it is here presented to the public, together with letters
explaining its loss and its recovery. It is the earliest extant account given by a participator in
the fearful tragedy of August 15, 1812. It was written by Lieutenant Helm in 1814, at the
request of Judge Augustus B. Woodward, of Detroit, and was accompanied by a letter
asking Judge Woodward's opinion as to whether the strictures made in the narrative upon the
conduct of Captain Heald would result in Helm's being court-martialed for disrespect to his
commanding officer.
Judge Woodward evidently advised Lieutenant Helm not to take the risk, for the manuscript
was found many years later among the Judge's papers. That Lieutenant Helm was a soldier
rather than a scholar is evidenced by the faulty construction of his narrative. Its literary

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imperfections, however, in no way detract from its value as a truthful account of the events he
describes.
In the records of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society, volume 12, page 659, is a
letter concerning the survivors of the Chicago Massacre, written October, 1812, to Colonel
Proctor by Judge Woodward, in which he says:
"First, there is one officer, a lieutenant of the name of Linai T. Helm, with whom I had the
happiness of a personal acquaintance. His father is a gentleman, originally of Virginia, and of
the first society of the city, who has since settled in the State of New York. He is an officer of
great rank, and unblemished character. The lady of this gentleman, a young and amiable
victim of misfortune, was separated from her husband. She was delivered up to her father-in-
law, who was present. Mr. Helm was transported into the Indian country a hundred miles
from the scene of action, and has not since been heard of at this place."
She was captured during the fight and delivered to her stepfather, Mr. John Kinzie. Her own
account is given in the extract from "Waubun."
Lieutenant Helm's feeling against Captain Heald was due to the latter's refusal to take any
advice from those who thoroughly understood the Indians with whom they had to deal, and
his failure to consult any of his junior officers as to what course might be pursued to save the
garrison.
Kirkland, in his "Story of Chicago," chapter 8, page 66, says: "Captain Heald's conduct
seems like that of a brave fool." Captain Heald was by no means a fool, but he was afraid to
take any responsibility. He considered a soldier's first duty obedience to orders. If in carrying
out the orders he had received from General Hull he sacrificed his command, it would not be
his fault, but Hull's; whereas, if he disobeyed instructions and remained in the fort awaiting
reinforcements, any disastrous results would be visited upon him alone. He was willing,
however, to accept John Kinzie's offer to provide a forged order, purporting to come from
General Hull, authorizing the destruction of all arms, ammunition, and liquor before evacuating
the fort, instead of giving them to the savages.
Lieutenant Helm was promoted to a captaincy, but as his wound continued very troublesome
he resigned from the army soon afterward, and retired to private life.
The experiences of Mrs. Helm and of her mother, Mrs. John Kinzie, were related by them
personally to Mrs. Juliette A. Kinzie, the author of "Waubun."
The little captive stolen by the Senecas and adopted into the tribe by their famous chief, "The
Corn Planter," was Eleanor Lytle. She afterwards was rescued and became the wife of John
Kinzie. To her daughter-in-law, Mrs. Juliette A. Kinzie, she told the story of her captivity
among the Senecas, and her experiences during the Chicago Massacre.
It seems proper in giving Lieutenant Helm's account of Fort Dearborn Massacre to preface it
with a letter written by Judge Augustus B. Woodward of Detroit, of which two copies exist:
one of the original draft, and one of the letter sent. They differ only in some unimportant
details.
Detroit was surrendered the day before the Chicago Massacre took place. As soon as
information of the tragedy reached Detroit, Judge Woodward appealed to Colonel Proctor in
behalf of the prisoners and possible survivors of the Massacre at Fort Dearborn.
The information given by Judge Woodward in this letter to Colonel Proctor probably came
from William Griffith, a survivor who had reached Detroit. It could not have come from
Lieutenant Helm, who had been sent as a prisoner to Peoria, Illinois, and did not reach St.
Louis until October 14.

Nelly Kinzie Gordon.

JUDGE WOODWARD'S LETTER TO COLONEL PROCTOR

"Territory of Michigan,"

October 8th, 1812.

Sir:
It is already known to you that on Saturday the fifteenth day of August last, an order having
been given to evacuate Fort Dearborn an attack was made by the savages of the vicinity on
the troops and persons appertaining to that garrison on their march, at the distance of about
three miles from the Fort, and the greater part of the number barbarously and inhumanly

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massacred.
Three of the survivors of that unhappy and terrible disaster having since reached this country,
I have employed some pains to collect the number and names of those who were not
immediately slain and to ascertain whether any hopes might yet be entertained of saving the
remainder.
It is on this subject that I wish to interest your feelings and to solicit the benefit of your
interposition; convinced that you estimate humanity among the brightest virtues of the soldier.
I find, sir, that the party consisted of ninety-three persons. Of these the military, including
officers, non-commissioned officers and privates, amounted to fifty-four—the citizens, not
acting in a military capacity, consisted of twelve. The number of women was nine, and that of
the children eighteen.
The whole of the citizens were slaughtered, two women and twelve children.
Of the military, twenty-six were killed at the time of the attack, and accounts have arrived of
at least five of the surviving prisoners having been put to death in the course of the same night.
There will remain then twenty-three of the military, seven women and six children, whose
fate, with the exception of the three who have come in, and of two others who are known to
be in safety at St. Joseph's, remains to be yet ascertained.
Of these, amounting in all to thirty-one persons, I will furnish you with the names of all that I
have been able to identify.
First: there is one officer, a lieutenant, of the name of Linai T. Helm, with whom I have had
the honor of a personal acquaintance. He is an officer of great merit, and of the most
unblemished character. His father is a gentleman originally of Virginia, and of the first
respectability, who has since settled in the State of New York. The lady of this gentleman, a
young and amiable victim of misfortune, was separated from her husband during the fight. She
is understood to be now at St. Joseph's. Mr. Helm was conveyed a hundred miles into the
Indian country, and no accounts of his fate have yet reached this quarter.
Second: of the six non-commissioned officers, four survived the action: John Crozier, a
sergeant; Daniel Dougherty, a corporal; one other corporal by the name of Bowen, and
William Griffin (Griffith), sergeant, now here.
Third: of the privates it is said that five, and it is not known how many more, were put to
death in the night after the action. Of those who are said to have thus suffered, I have been
able to collect only the names of two; Richard Garner and James Latta. Mr. Burns, a citizen,
severely wounded, was killed by an Indian woman, in the daytime, about an hour after the
action. Micajah Dennison and John Fury were so badly wounded in the action that little hope
was indulged of their recovery.
There will thus remain twenty to be accounted for, of whom I can only give the following
names: Dyson Dyer, William Nelson Hunt, Duncan McCarty, Augustus Mott, John Smith,
John Smith, his son, a fifer, James Van Horn.
Four: of the five women whose fate remains to be ascertained, I am enabled to give the
names of them all. They were Mrs. Burns, wife to the citizen before mentioned as killed after
the attack; Mrs. Holt, Mrs. Lee, Mrs. Needs, and Mrs. Simmons. Among these women six
children saved out of the whole number, which was eighteen; part of them belonging to the
surviving mothers, and part to those who were slain.
As to the means of preserving these unhappy survivors from the distressing calamities which
environ them, if they have preserved their lives, and which the rigors of the approaching
season cannot fail to heighten, I would beg leave to suggest the following:
First: to send a special messenger to that quarter, overland, and with such safeguard of
Indians or others, as can be procured, charged with collecting the prisoners who may yet
survive, and accounts of those who may have ultimately suffered, and supplied with the
means of conveying them either to Detroit or Michillimackinac.
Second: to communicate to Captain Roberts, who now commands at Michillimackinac, the
circumstances of the same in full, and to request his co-operation in effecting the humane
object of their ultimate preservation.
I am not authorized by my Government to make the assurance, but I shall not doubt their
cheerfully defraying such expense of ransom, or conveyance, as circumstances will justify;
and private funds are also ready to be applied to the same purpose. I do not less doubt your
willing and zealous assistance, and with a confident hope of it, permit me, sir, to assure you of
the high respect with which I have the honor to be

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Your obedient servant,

A. B. Woodward.

To Col. Henry Proctor.

LIEUTENANT HELM'S LETTER TO JUDGE WOODWARD

Flemington, New Jersey,

6th June, 1814.

Dear Sir:—
I hope you will excuse the length of time I have taken to communicate the history of the
unfortunate massacre of Chicago. It is now nearly finished, and in two weeks you may expect
it. As the history cannot possibly be written with truth without eternally disgracing Major
Heald, I wish you could find out whether I shall be cashiered or censured for bringing to light
the conduct of so great a man as many think him. You know I am the only officer that has
escaped to tell the news. Some of the men have got off, but where they are I know not; they
would be able to testify to some of the principal facts. I have waited a long time expecting a
court of inquiry on his conduct but see plainly it is to be overlooked. I am resolved now to do
myself justice even if I have to leave the service to publish the history. I shall be happy to hear
from you immediately on the receipt of this.

I have the honor to be sir,

with great respect,

Your obedient servant,

L. T. Helm.

Augustus B. Woodward, Esqr.
Washington City
(Addressed:) Flemington, Jan. 6th.

Augustus B. Woodward, Esq.
Milton, Va.

(Endorsed:) Helm, Mr. Linah T.

letter from
Dated Flemington,
New Jersey, June 6th, 1814.
Received at Washington.
June 14th, 1814.

R. June 14th, 1814.

Old Fort Dearborn

LIEUTENANT HELM'S NARRATIVE

Some time in April, about the 7th-10, a party of Winnebagoes came to Chicago and
murdered 2 men. This gave sufficient ground to suppose the Indians hostile, as they have left
every sign by scalping them and leaving a weapon, say a war mallet, as a token of their
returning in June. Mr. Kinzie sent a letter from the Interior of the Indian Country to inform
Capt. Heald that the Indians were hostile inclined and only waiting the Declaration of War to
commence open hostilities. This they told Kinzie in confidence on the 10th of July. Capt.
Heald got the information of War being declared, and on the 8th of August got Gen. Hull's
order to evacuate the Post of Fort Dearborn by the route of Detroit, or Fort Wayne, if
practicable. This letter was brought by a Potowautemie Chief Winnemeg, and he informed
Capt. Heald, through Kenzie, to evacuate immediately the next day, if possible, as the Indians
were hostile and that the troops should change the usual routes to go to Fort Wayne. On the
12th August, Capt. William Wells arrived from Fort Wayne with 27 Miamis, and after a

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council being held by him with the tribes there assembled to amount of 500 warriors 179
women and children. He after council declared them hostile and that his opinion was that they
would interrupt us on our route. Capt. Wells enquired into the State of the arms, ammunition
and provisions. We had 200 stand of arms, four pieces of artillery, 6,000 lbs. of powder and
a sufficient quantity of shot lead, etc. 3 months provisions taken in Indian corn and all this on
the 12th of August, having prior to this expended 3 months provisions at least in the interval
between the 7th and 12th of August, exclusive of this we had at our command 200 head of
horned cattle and 27 barrels of salt. After this survey, Wells demanded of Capt. Heald if he
intended to evacuate. His answer was he would. Kenzie then, with Lt. Helm, called on Wells
and requested him to call on Capt. Heald and cause the ammunition and arms to be
destroyed, but Capt. Wells insisted on Kenzie and Helm to join with him. This being done,
Capt. Heald hesitated and observed that it was not sound policy to tell a lie to an Indian; that
he had received a positive order from Gen. Hull to deliver up to those Indians all the public
property of whatsoever nature particularly to those Indians that would take in the Troops and
that he could not alter it, and that it might irritate the Indians and be the means of the
destruction of his men. Kenzie volunteered to take the responsibility on himself, provided
Capt. Heald would consider the method he would point out a safe one, he agreed. Kenzie
wrote an order as if from Genl. Hull, and gave it into Capt. Heald. It was supposed to
answer and accordingly was carried into effect. The ammunition and muskets were all
destroyed the night of the 13th. The 15th, we evacuated the Garrison, and about one and half
mile from the Garrison we were informed by Capt. Wells that we were surrounded and the
attack by the Indians began about 10 of the clock morning. The men in a few minutes were,
with the exception of 10, all killed and wounded. The Ensign and Surgeons Mate were both
killed. The Capt. and myself both badly wounded during the battle. I fired my piece at an
Indian and felt confident I killed him or wounded him badly. I immediately called to the men
to follow me in the pirara, or we would be shot down before we could load our guns. We
had proceeded under a heavy fire about an hundred and five paces when I made a wheel to
the left to observe the motion of the Indians and avoid being shot in the back, which I had so
far miraculously escaped. Just as I wheeled I received a ball through my coat pocket, which
struck the barrel of my gun and fell in the lining of my coat. In a few seconds, I received a ball
in my right foot, which lamed me considerably. The Indians happened immediately to stop
firing and never more renewed it. I immediately ordered the men that were able to load their
guns and commenced loading for them that were not able. I now discovered Capt. Heald for
the first time to my knowledge during the battle. He was coming from towards the Indians
and to my great surprise they never offered to fire on him. He came up and ordered the men
to form; that his intentions were to charge the body of Indians that were on the bank of the
Lake where we had just retreated from. They appeared to be about 300 strong. We were
27, including all the wounded. He advanced about 5 steps and not at all to my surprise was
the first that halted. Some of the men fell back instead of advancing. We then gained the only
high piece of ground there was near. We now had a little time to reflect and saw death in
every direction. At this time an interpreter from the Indians advanced towards us and called
for the Captain, who immediately went to meet him (the interpreter was a half Indian and had
lived a long time within a few yards of the fort and bound to Mr. Kinzie; he was always very
friendly with us all). A chief by the name of Blackbird advanced to the interpreter and met the
Captain, who after a few words conversation delivered him his sword, and in a few minutes
returned to us and informed me he had offered 100 dollars for every man that was then living.
He said they were then deciding on what to do. They, however, in a few minutes, called him
again and talked with him some time, when he returned and informed me they had agreed if I
and the men would surrender by laying down our arms they would lay down theirs, meet us
half way, shake us by the hand as friends and take us back to the fort. I asked him if he knew
what they intended doing with us then. He said they did not inform him. He asked me if I
would surrender. The men were at this time crowding to my back and began to beg me not
to surrender. I told them not to be uneasy for I had already done my best for them and was
determined not to surrender unless I saw better prospects of us all being saved and then not
without they were willing. The Captain asked me the second time what I would do, without
an answer. I discovered the interpreter at this time running from the Indians towards us, and
when he came in about 20 steps the Captain put the question the third time. The Interpreter
called out, "Lieut. don't surrender for if you do they will kill you all, for there has been no
general council held with them yet. You must wait, and I will go back and hold a general
council with them and return and let you know what they will do." I told him to go, for I had
no idea of surrender. He went and collected all the Indians and talked for some time, when
he returned and told me the Indians said if I would surrender as before described they would
not kill any, and said it was his opinion they would do as they said, for they had already
saved Mr. Kinzie and some of the women and children. This enlivened me and the men, for
we well knew Mr. Kinzie stood higher than any man in that country among the Indians, and

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he might be the means of saving us from utter destruction, which afterwards proved to be the
case. We then surrendered, and after the Indians had fired off our guns they put the Captain
and myself and some of the wounded men on horses and marched us to the bank of the lake,
where the battle first commenced. When we arrived at the bank and looked down on the
sand beach I was struck with horror at the sight of men, women and children lying naked with
principally all their heads off, and in passing over the bodies I was confident I saw my wife
with her head off about two feet from her shoulders. Tears for the first time rushed in my
eyes, but I consoled myself with a firm belief that I should soon follow her. I now began to
repent that I had ever surrendered, but it was too late to recall, and we had only to look up
to Him who had first caused our existence. When we had arrived in half a mile of the Fort
they halted us, made the men sit down, form a ring around them, began to take off their hats
and strip the Captain. They attempted to strip me, but were prevented by a Chief who stuck
close to me. I made signs to him that I wanted to drink, for the weather was very warm. He
led me off towards the Fort and, to my great astonishment, saw my wife sitting among some
squaws crying. Our feelings can be better judged than expressed. They brought some water
and directed her to wash and dress my wound, which she did, and bound it up with her
pocket handkerchief. They then brought up some of the men and tommyhawked one of them
before us. They now took Mrs. Helm across the river (for we were nearly on its banks) to
Mr. Kinzie's. We met again at my fathers in the State of New York, she having arrived seven
days before me after being separated seven months and one week. She was taken in the
direction of Detroit and I was taken down to Illinois River and was sold to Mr. Thomas
Forsyth, half brother of Mr. Kinzie's, who, a short time after, effected my escape. This
gentleman was the means of saving many lives on the warring (?) frontier. I was taken on the
15th of August and arrived safe among the Americans at St. Louis on the 14th of October.
Capt. Heald, through Kenzie, sending his two negroes, got put on board an Indian boat going
to St. Joseph, and from that place got to Makenac by Lake Michigan in a birch canoe.
The night of the 14th, the Interpreter and a Chief (Black Partridge) waited on Capt. Heald.
The Indian gave up his medal and told Heald to beware of the next day, that the Indians
would destroy him and his men. This Heald never communicated to one of his officers. There
was but Capt. Wells that was acquainted with it. You will observe, sir, that I did, with
Kenzie, protest against destroying the arms, ammunition and provisions until that Heald told
me positively that he would evacuate at all hazards.
15th of August, we evacuated the Fort. The number of soldiers was 52 privates and
musicians (2), 4 officers and physicians, 14 citizens, 18 children and 9 women, the baggage
being in front with the citizens, women and children and on the margin of the lake, we having
advanced to gain the Prairie. I could not see the massacre, but Kinzie, with Doctor Van
Vorees, being ordered by Capt. Heald to take charge of the women and children, remained
on the beach, and Kinzie since told me he was an eye witness to the horrid scene. The
Indians came down on the baggage waggons for plunder. They butchered every male citizen
but Kinzie, two women and 12 children in the most inhuman manner possible, opened them,
cutting off their heads and taken out their hearts; several of the women were wounded but not
dangerously.

LIST OF GARRISON

Nathan Heald
1

Released.

Lina T. Helm
2

"

Nathan Edson
3

——

Elias Mills
4

——

Thos. Point Dexter
5

——

August Mort
6

Died natural.

James Latta
7

Killed.

Michael Lynch
8

Killed.

John Sullinfield
9

Killed.

John Smith, Senr.
10

Released.

John Smith, Junr.
11

——

Nathan Hunt
12

Deserted.

Richard Garner
13

Killed.

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Paul Greene
14

——

James V__tworth (?)
15

——

John Griffiths
16

Supposed to be a Frenchman
and released.
Joseph Bowen
17

John Ferry (or Fury)
18

——

John Crozier
19

Deserted.

John Needs
20

——

Daniel Daugherty
21

——

Dyson Dyer
22

Killed.

John Andrews
23

Killed.

James Stone (or Starror Storr)
24

Killed.

Joseph Nolis (or Notts)
25

——

James Corbin
26

——

Fielding Corbin Citizens:
27

——

Jos. Burns
28

Mortally wounded; since killed.

(Names of women on reverse page)

Women taken prisoners:

Mrs. Heald

Released.

Mrs. Helm

"

Mrs. Holt

Prisoners

Mrs. Burns

Mrs. Leigh

Mrs. Simmons

Mrs. Needs

Killed in action:
Mrs. Corbin.
Mrs. Heald's Negro woman.
Children yet in captivity:
Mrs. Leigh's 2, one since dead N D.
Mrs. Burns' 2.
Mrs. Simmons' 1.
13 children killed during the action.
11 citizens including Captain Wells.
John Kinzie taken, but not considered as a prisoner of war.
54 Rank and file left the Garrison.

THE MASSACRE AT CHICAGO[1]

It was the evening of April 7, 1812. The children were dancing before the fire to the music of
their father's violin. The tea table was spread, and they were awaiting the return of their
mother, who had gone to visit a sick neighbor about a quarter of a mile up the river.
Suddenly their sports were interrupted. The door was thrown open, and Mrs. Kinzie rushed
in, pale with terror, and scarcely able to speak. "The Indians! the Indians!" she gasped.
"The Indians? What? Where?" they all demanded in alarm.
"Up at Lee's Place, killing and scalping!"
With difficulty Mrs. Kinzie composed herself sufficiently to say that, while she was at Burns',
a man and a boy had been seen running down with all speed on the opposite side of the river.

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They had called across to the Burns family to save themselves, for the Indians were at Lee's
Place, from which the two had just made their escape. Having given this terrifying news, they
had made all speed for the fort, which was on the same side of the river.
All was now consternation and dismay in the Kinzie household. The family were hurried into
two old pirogues that lay moored near the house, and paddled with all possible haste across
the river to take refuge in the fort.
All that the man and boy who had made their escape were able to tell was soon known; but,
in order to render their story more intelligible, it is necessary to describe the situation.
Lee's Place, since known as Hardscrabble, was a farm intersected by the Chicago River,
about four miles from its mouth. The farmhouse stood on the west bank of the south branch
of this river. On the north side of the main stream, but near its junction with Lake Michigan,
stood the dwelling house and trading establishment of Mr. Kinzie.
The fort was situated on the southern bank, directly opposite this mansion, the river and a
few rods of sloping green turf on either side being all that intervened between them.
The fort was differently constructed from the one erected on the same site in 1816. It had
two blockhouses on the southern side, and on the northern a sally port, or subterranean
passage from the parade ground to the river. This was designed to facilitate escape in case of
an emergency or as a means of supplying the garrison with water during a siege.
In the fort at this period were three officers, Captain Heald, who was in command,
Lieutenant Helm, the son-in-law of Mr. Kinzie, and Ensign Ronan—the last two very young
men—and the surgeon, Dr. Van Voorhees.
The garrison numbered about seventy-five men, very few of whom were effective.
A constant and friendly intercourse had been maintained between these troops and the
Indians. It is true that the principal men of the Potowatomi nation, like those of most other
tribes, went yearly to Fort Malden, in Canada, to receive the large number of presents with
which the British Government, for many years, had been in the habit of purchasing their
alliance; and it was well known that many of the Potowatomi, as well as Winnebago, had
been engaged with the Ottawa and Shawnee at the battle of Tippecanoe, the preceding
autumn; yet, as the principal chiefs of all the bands in the neighborhood appeared to be on the
most amicable terms with the Americans, no interruption of their harmony was at any time
anticipated.
After August 15, however, many circumstances were recalled that might have opened the
eyes of the whites had they not been blinded by a false security. One incident in particular
may be mentioned.
In the spring preceding the destruction of the fort, two Indians of the Calumet band came to
the fort on a visit to the commanding officer. As they passed through the quarters, they saw
Mrs. Heald and Mrs. Helm playing at battledoor.
Turning to the interpreter, one of them, Nau-non-gee, remarked, "The white chiefs' wives are
amusing themselves very much; it will not be long before they are hoeing in our cornfields!"
At the time this was considered an idle threat, or, at most, an ebullition of jealous feeling at
the contrast between the situation of their own women and that of the "white chiefs' wives."
Some months after, how bitterly was it remembered!
The farm at Lee's Place was occupied by a Mr. White and three persons employed by him.
In the afternoon of the day on which our narrative commences, a party of ten or twelve
Indians, dressed and painted, arrived at the house. According to the custom among savages,
they entered and seated themselves without ceremony.
Something in their appearance and manner excited the suspicion of one of the household, a
Frenchman, who remarked, "I do not like the looks of these Indians—they are none of our
folks. I know by their dress and paint that they are not Potowatomi."
Another of the men, a discharged soldier, then said to a boy who was present, "If that is the
case, we'd better get away from them if we can. Say nothing; but do as you see me do."
There were two canoes tied near the bank, and the soldier walked leisurely towards them.
Some of the Indians inquired where he was going. He pointed to the cattle standing among
the haystacks on the opposite bank, making signs that they must go and fodder them, and
that they would then return and get their supper.
As the afternoon was far advanced, this explanation was accepted without question.
The soldier got into one canoe, and the boy into the other. The stream was narrow, and they

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were soon across. Having gained the opposite side, they pulled some hay for the cattle, made
a show of herding them, and when they had gradually made a circuit, so that their movements
were concealed by the haystacks, took to the woods, close at hand, and then started for the
fort.
They had run about a quarter of a mile when they heard two guns discharged in succession.
These guns they supposed to have been leveled at the companions they had left.
They ran without stopping until they arrived opposite Burns',[2] where, as before related, they
called across to warn the family of their danger, and then hastened on to the fort.
It now occurred to those who had secured their own safety that the Burns family was still
exposed to imminent peril. The question was, who would hazard his life to bring them to a
place of security? The gallant young officer, Ensign Ronan, with a party of five or six soldiers,
volunteered to go to their rescue.
They ascended the river in a scow, took the mother, with her infant, scarcely a day old, upon
her bed to the boat, and carefully conveyed her with the other members of the family to the
fort.
The same afternoon a party of soldiers, consisting of a corporal and six men, had obtained
leave to go fishing up the river. They had not returned when the fugitives from Lee's Place
arrived at the fort. It was now night and, fearing they might encounter the Indians, the
commanding officer ordered a cannon fired, warning them of their danger.
It will be remembered that the unsettled state of the country after the battle of Tippecanoe,
the preceding November, had rendered every man vigilant, and the slightest alarm was an
admonition to "beware of the Indians."
At the time the cannon was fired the fishing party were about two miles above Lee's Place.
Hearing the signal, they put out their torches and dropped down the river towards the
garrison, as silently as possible.
When they reached Lee's Place, it was proposed to stop and warn the inmates to be on their
guard, as the signal from the fort indicated some kind of danger. All was still as death around
the house. The soldiers groped their way along, and as the corporal jumped over the small
inclosure he placed his hand upon the dead body of a man. He soon ascertained that the
head was without a scalp, and otherwise mutilated. The faithful dog of the murdered man
stood guarding the lifeless remains of his master.
The tale was told. The men retreated to their canoes, and reached the fort unmolested about
eleven o'clock at night.
The next morning a party of citizens and soldiers volunteered to go to Lee's Place to learn
further the fate of its occupants. The body of Mr. White was found pierced by two balls, with
eleven stabs in the breast. The Frenchman also lay dead, his dog still beside him. The bodies
were brought to the fort and buried in its immediate vicinity.
Later it was learned from traders out in the Indian country that the perpetrators of the deed
were a party of Winnebago who had come into the neighborhood to "take some white
scalps." Their plan had been to proceed down the river from Lee's Place and kill every white
man outside the walls of the fort. However, hearing the report of the cannon, and not
knowing what it portended, they thought it best to retreat to their homes on Rock River.
The settlers outside the fort, a few discharged soldiers and some families of half-breeds, now
intrenched themselves in the Agency House. This building stood west of the fort, between the
pickets and the river, and distant about twenty rods from the former.
It was an old-fashioned log house, with a hall running through the center, and one large room
on each side. Piazzas extended the whole length of the building, in front and rear. These were
now planked up, for greater security; portholes were cut, and sentinels posted at night.
As the enemy were believed to be still lurking in the neighborhood, or, emboldened by
former success, were likely to return at any moment, an order was issued prohibiting any
soldier or citizen from leaving the vicinity of the garrison without a guard.
One night a sergeant and a private, who were out on patrol, came suddenly upon a party of
Indians in the pasture adjoining the esplanade. The sergeant fired his piece, and both
retreated towards the fort. Before they could reach it, an Indian threw his tomahawk, which
missed the sergeant and struck a wagon standing near. The sentinel from the blockhouse
immediately fired while the men got safely in. The next morning traces of blood were found
for a considerable distance into the prairie, and from this and the appearance of the long
grass, where it was evident a body had lain, it was certain some execution had been done.
On another occasion Indians entered the esplanade to steal horses. Not finding any in the

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stable, as they had expected to, they relieved their disappointment by stabbing all the sheep in
the stable and then letting them loose. The poor animals flocked towards the fort. This gave
the alarm. The garrison was aroused, and parties were sent out; but the marauders escaped
unmolested. The inmates of the fort experienced no further alarm for many weeks.
On the afternoon of August 7, Winnemeg, or Catfish, a Potowatomi chief, arrived at the post,
bringing dispatches from General Hull. These announced that war had been declared
between the United States and Great Britain, and that General Hull, at the head of the
Northwestern army, had arrived at Detroit; also, that the Island of Mackinac had fallen into
the hands of the British.
The orders to Captain Heald were to "evacuate the fort, if practicable, and, in that event, to
distribute all the United States property contained in the fort, and in the United States factory
or agency, among the Indians in the neighborhood."
After having delivered his dispatches, Winnemeg requested a private interview with Mr.
Kinzie, who had taken up his residence in the fort. He told Mr. Kinzie he was acquainted
with the purport of the communications he had brought, and begged him to ascertain if it were
the intention of Captain Heald to evacuate the post. He advised strongly against such a step,
inasmuch as the garrison was well supplied with ammunition, and with provisions for six
months. It would, therefore, be far better, he thought, to remain until reinforcements could be
sent. If, however, Captain Heald should decide to leave the post, it should by all means be
done immediately. The Potowatomi, through whose country they must pass, being ignorant of
the object of Winnemeg's mission, a forced march might be made before the hostile Indians
were prepared to interrupt them.
Of this advice, so earnestly given, Captain Heald was immediately informed. He replied that it
was his intention to evacuate the post, but that, inasmuch as he had received orders to
distribute the United States property, he should not feel justified in leaving until he had
collected the Indians of the neighborhood and made an equitable division among them.
Winnemeg then suggested the expediency of marching out, and leaving all things standing;
possibly while the Indians were engaged in the partition of the spoils the troops might effect
their retreat unmolested. This advice, strongly seconded by Mr. Kinzie, did not meet the
approbation of the commanding officer.
The order to evacuate the post was read next morning upon parade. It is difficult to
understand why, in such an emergency, Captain Heald omitted the usual form of holding a
council of war with his officers. It can be accounted for only by the fact of a want of
harmonious feeling between him and one of his junior officers, Ensign Ronan, a high-spirited
and somewhat overbearing, but brave and generous, young man.
In the course of the day, no council having been called, the officers waited on Captain Heald,
seeking information regarding the course he intended to pursue. When they learned his
intentions, they remonstrated with him, on the following grounds:
First, it was highly improbable that the command would be permitted to pass through the
country in safety to Fort Wayne. For although it had been said that some of the chiefs had
opposed an attack upon the fort, planned the preceding autumn, yet it was well known that
they had been actuated in that matter by motives of personal regard for one family, that of
Mr. Kinzie, and not by any general friendly feeling towards the Americans; and that, in any
event, it was hardly to be expected that these few individuals would be able to control the
whole tribe, who were thirsting for blood.
In the next place, their march must necessarily be slow, as their movements must be
accommodated to the helplessness of the women and children, of whom there were a number
with the detachment. Of their small force some of the soldiers were superannuated, others
invalid.
Therefore, since the course to be pursued was left discretional, their unanimous advice was to
remain where they were, and fortify themselves as strongly as possible. Succor from the other
side of the peninsula might arrive before they could be attacked by the British from
Mackinac; and even should help not come, it were far better to fall into the hands of the
British than to become the victims of the savages.
Captain Heald argued in reply that "a special order had been issued by the War Department
that no post should be surrendered without battle having been given, and his force was totally
inadequate to an engagement with the Indians; that he should unquestionably be censured for
remaining when there appeared a prospect of a safe march through; and that, upon the
whole, he deemed it expedient to assemble the Indians, distribute the property among them,
and then ask them for an escort to Fort Wayne, with the promise of a considerable reward
upon their safe arrival, adding that he had full confidence in the friendly professions of the

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Indians, from whom, as well as from the soldiers, the capture of Mackinac had been kept a
profound secret."
From this time the officers held themselves aloof, and spoke but little upon the subject,
though they considered Captain Heald's project little short of madness. The dissatisfaction
among the soldiers increased hourly, until it reached a high pitch of insubordination.
On one occasion, when conversing with Mr. Kinzie upon the parade, Captain Heald
remarked, "I could not remain, even if I thought it best, for I have but a small store of
provisions."
"Why, captain," said a soldier who stood near, forgetting all etiquette in the excitement of the
moment, "you have cattle enough to last the troops six months."
"But," replied Captain Heald, "I have no salt to preserve it with."
"Then jerk it," said the man, "as the Indians do their venison."
The Indians now became daily more unruly. Entering the fort in defiance of the sentinels, they
made their way without ceremony into the officers' quarters. One day an Indian took up a
rifle and fired it in the parlor of the commanding officer, as an expression of defiance. Some
believed that this was intended among the young men as a signal for an attack. The old chiefs
passed backwards and forwards among the assembled groups with the appearance of the
most lively agitation, while the squaws rushed to and fro in great excitement, evidently
prepared for some fearful scene.
Any further manifestation of ill feeling was, however, suppressed for the time and, strange as
it may seem, Captain Heald continued to entertain a conviction of having created so amicable
a disposition among the Indians as to insure the safety of the command on their march to Fort
Wayne.
Thus passed the time until August 12. The feelings of the inmates of the fort during this time
may be better imagined than described. Each morning that dawned seemed to bring them
nearer to that most appalling fate—butchery by a savage foe; and at night they scarcely dared
yield to slumber, lest they should be aroused by the war whoop and tomahawk. Gloom and
mistrust prevailed, and the want of unanimity among the officers prevented the consolation
they might have found in mutual sympathy and encouragement.
The Indians being assembled from the neighboring villages, a council was held with them on
the afternoon of August 12. Captain Heald alone attended on the part of the military. He had
requested his officers to accompany him, but they had declined. They had been secretly
informed that the young chiefs intended to fall upon the officers and massacre them while in
council, but they could not persuade Captain Heald of the truth of their information. They
waited therefore only until, accompanied by Mr. Kinzie, he had left the garrison, when they
took command of the blockhouses overlooking the esplanade on which the council was held,
opened the portholes, and pointed the cannon so as to command the whole assembly. By this
means, probably, the lives of the whites who were present in council were preserved.
In council, the commanding officer informed the Indians that it was his intention to distribute
among them, the next day, not only the goods lodged in the United States factory, but also
the ammunition and provisions, with which the garrison was well supplied. He then requested
the Potowatomi to furnish him an escort to Fort Wayne, promising them, in addition to the
presents they were now about to receive, a liberal reward on arriving there. With many
professions of friendship and good will, the savages assented to all he proposed, and
promised all he required.
After the council, Mr. Kinzie, who well understood not only the Indian character but the
present tone of feeling among them, had a long interview with Captain Heald, in hopes of
opening his eyes to the real state of affairs.
He reminded him that since the trouble with the Indians along the Wabash and in the vicinity,
there had appeared to be a settled plan of hostilities towards the whites, in consequence of
which it had been the policy of the Americans to withhold from the Indians whatever would
enable them to carry on their warfare upon the defenseless inhabitants of the frontier.
Mr. Kinzie also recalled to Captain Heald how, having left home for Detroit, the preceding
autumn, on receiving news at De Charme's[3] of the battle of Tippecanoe, he had immediately
returned to Chicago, that he might dispatch orders to his traders to furnish no ammunition to
the Indians. As a result, all the ammunition the traders had on hand was secreted, and those
traders who had not already started for their wintering grounds took neither powder nor shot
with them.
Captain Heald was struck with the inadvisability of furnishing the enemy (for such they must

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now consider their old neighbors) with arms against himself, and determined to destroy all the
ammunition except what should be necessary for the use of his own troops.
On August 13 the goods, consisting of blankets, broadcloths, calicoes, paints, and
miscellaneous supplies were distributed, as stipulated. The same evening part of the
ammunition and liquor was carried into the sally port, and there thrown into a well which had
been dug to supply the garrison with water in case of emergency. The remainder was
transported, as secretly as possible, through the northern gate; the heads of the barrels were
knocked in, and the contents poured into the river.
The same fate was shared by a large quantity of alcohol belonging to Mr. Kinzie, which had
been deposited in a warehouse near his residence opposite the fort.
The Indians suspected what was going on, and crept, serpent-like, as near the scene of
action as possible; but a vigilant watch was kept up, and no one was suffered to approach
but those engaged in the affair. All the muskets not necessary for the command on the march
were broken up and thrown into the well, together with bags of shot, flints, gunscrews; in
short, everything relating to weapons of defense.
Some relief to the general feeling of despondency was afforded by the arrival, on August 14,
of Captain Wells[4] with fifteen friendly Miami.
Of this brave man, who forms so conspicuous a figure in our frontier annals, it is unnecessary
here to say more than that he had resided from boyhood among the Indians, and hence
possessed a perfect knowledge of their character and habits.
At Fort Wayne he had heard of the order to evacuate the fort at Chicago, and, knowing the
hostile determination of the Potowatomi, had made a rapid march across the country to
prevent the exposure of his relative, Captain Heald, and his troops to certain destruction.
But he came "all too late." When he reached the post he found that the ammunition had been
destroyed, and the provisions given to the Indians. There was, therefore, no alternative, and
every preparation was made for the march of the troops on the following morning.
On the afternoon of the same day a second council was held with the Indians. They
expressed great indignation at the destruction of the ammunition and liquor. Notwithstanding
the precautions that had been taken to preserve secrecy, the noise of knocking in the heads
of the barrels had betrayed the operations of the preceding night; indeed, so great was the
quantity of liquor thrown into the river that next morning the water was, as one expressed it,
"strong grog."
Murmurs and threats were everywhere heard among the savages. It was evident that the first
moment of exposure would subject the troops to some manifestation of their disappointment
and resentment.
Among the chiefs were several who, although they shared the general hostile feeling of their
tribe towards the Americans, yet retained a personal regard for the troops at this post and for
the few white citizens of the place. These chiefs exerted their utmost influence to allay the
revengeful feelings of the young men, and to avert their sanguinary designs, but without effect.
On the evening succeeding the council Black Partridge, a conspicuous chief, entered the
quarters of the commanding officer.
"Father," said he, "I come to deliver up to you the medal I wear. It was given me by the
Americans, and I have long worn it in token of our mutual friendship. But our young men are
resolved to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites. I cannot restrain them, and I will not
wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy."
Had further evidence been wanting, this circumstance would have sufficiently justified the
devoted band in their melancholy anticipations. Nevertheless, they went steadily on with the
necessary preparations; and, amid the horrors of the situation there were not wanting gallant
hearts who strove to encourage in their desponding companions the hopes of escape they
themselves were far from indulging.
Of the ammunition there had been reserved b...