The Formation of the Treaty Law of Non-International Armed Conflicts (International Humanitarian Law Series, 14)

189 Pages·2006·13.21 MB·English

by  Laura Perna

The Formation oftheTreaty Law of
Non-InternationalArmed Conflicts
InternationalHumanitarian LawSeries
VOLUME14
Editors-in-Chiej
ProfessorChristopherGreenwood
ProfessorTimothyL.H.McCormack
EditorialAdvisoryBoard
ProfessorGeorgesAbi-Saab
H.E.Judge GeorgeH.Aldrich
MadameJusticeLouiseArbour
ProfessorOveBring
ProfessorAntonioCassese
ProfessorJohnDugard
ProfessorDr.HorstFischer
Dr.Hans-PeterGasser
ProfessorLeslieC.Green
H.E.JudgeGezaHerczegh
ProfessorFrits Kalshoven
ProfessorRuthLapidoth
ProfessorGabrielleKirkMcDonald
H.E.JudgeTheodorMeron
J.
Captain AshleyRoach
ProfessorJiriToman
The International Humanitarian Law Series is a series ofmonographs and edited
volumeswhichaimstopromotescholarlyanalysisanddiscussionofboththetheory
andpracticeoftheinternationallegalregulationofarmedconflict.
The series explores substantive issues ofInternational Humanitarian Law includ
ing,
protectionforvictimsofarmedconflictandregulationofthemeansandmeth
odsofwarfare
questions ofapplication ofthevarious legalregimes for the conduct ofarmed
conflict
issuesrelatingtotheimplementationofInternationalHumanitarianLawobli
gations
nationalandinternationalapproachestotheenforcementofthelawand
the interactions between International Humanitarian Law and other related
areas ofinternationallawsuchas Human Rights,RefugeeLaw,Arms Control
andDisarmamentLaw,andInternationalCriminalLaw.
Thetitlesinthisseriesarelistedattheendofthisvolume.
The Formation ofthe Treaty
Law ofNon-International
Armed Conflicts
Laura Perna
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
LEIDEN • BOSTON
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
Printedonacid-freepaper.
ISBN 9004149244
© Copyright2006byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrillAcademicPublishers,MartinusNijhoff
PublishersandVSP. .
http://www.brill.nl
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,
ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilm
ing,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher.
Authorization to photocopyitemsfor internalorpersonaluse isgrantedbyBrillAcademic
Publishers providedthat the appropriate fees are paid directlytoThe Copyright Clearance
Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to
change.
Coverphotograph©ANP,TheNetherlands.
PrintedandboundinTheNetherlands.
Tomyparents

Table ofContents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction xv
ChapterI TheEvolutionoftheConceptofNon-InternationalArmed
ConflictsinEarlyTimes I
I. TheChristiantraditionandtheconductofhostilitiesin
non-internationalarmedconflicts
2. Thedoctrineofnaturallawandthesocialcontract
theory 9
3· Naturalrights,revolutionsandthelegitimisationof
power II
4· Thetheoryofstatesovereignty 13
5· Non-internationalarmedconflictsintheworkofthe
earlyinternationallawjurists:Vitoria,Ayala,Grotius,
Gentili,andVattel 15
6. Theviewofthemakersofmilitarystrategyinearlytimes 23
ChapterII FromtheLieberCodetotheDraftingofCommonArticle3of
theGenevaConventions:TheRiseofInternationalLawConcern 29
I. Thetheoryofrecognitionofbelligerency 29
2. TheAmericancivilwarandthe Liebercode 31
3· The roleoftheInternationalCommitteeofthe Red
Cross (ICRC) inthe formation ofhumanitarianlaw 34
4· Theinfluenceofthe Spanishcivilwaronthe
developmentofrules oflawapplicableinnon-
internationalarmedconflicts 39
5· Theevolutionofthe principleofstatesovereignty
andthe formationofrulesoflawapplicableinnon-
internationalarmedconflicts 41
6. Theimpactofthehumanrights movementonthe
internationalscene 45
7· Righttorevoltandthe Christiantradition 48
8. AnoverviewofthedraftinghistoryofCommon
Article 3totheGenevaConventionsof1949 49
of
viii Table Contents
ChapterIII TheEvolutionintheElementsShapingtheTreatyLaw
RulesApplicableinNon-InternationalArmedConflicts 6I
I. Themakersofmilitarystrategyandnon-international
armedconflicts 61
I. I. Internalarmedconflicts andguerrillawarfare 62
1.2. Thestrategyofcounter-insurgency 64
1.3. Casestudies:NorthernIreland,LatinAmerica,
andAlgeria 68
2. TheChristianandIslamictraditionsandhumanitarian
law:A differentevolution . 72
3. Theimpactoftheworkofregionalandinternational
humanrightsbodiesontheformation ofrulesoflaw
relatingto internalarmedconflicts 77
4. Therole ofNon-GovernmentalOrganizations
(NGOs)intheformationofthe treatylawofnon-
internationalarmedconflicts 91
ChapterIV 1949-1980:ProtocolIIAdditionaltotheGeneva
Conventionsof1949andtheConventionalWeaponsConvention 99
I. ThedraftinghistoryofProtocolII 99
2. ThebackgroundtotheConventionalWeapons
ConventionandtoitsLandminesProtocol 107
ChapterV I98o-thePresent:A DramaticIncreaseintheNumberof
TreatyLawRulesApplicableinNon-InternationalArmed
Conflicts 113
I. 1980-1996:Theriseofinternationalconcerntowarda
completebanoflandmines.AmendedProtocolII 114
2. MilitaryWeapons andtheFormatiionof
HumanitarianLaw:TheOttawaProcessandthe
SecondReviewConferenceofthe Conventional
Weapons Convention 122
3. Theprotectionofculturalproperty:'TheSecondHague
Protocol 128
4. Childrenand armedconflicts:The OptionalProtocol
totheConventiononthe Rightsofthe Child(CRe)
onthe involvementofchildreninarmedconflict 131
ChapterVI ReachinganAgreementonCriminalizingtheViolations
oftheRulesofLawApplicableinNon-International
ArmedConflicts:TheStatuteoftheInternational
CriminalCourt(ICC) 135
I. Punishingthelaw-breakerpriortothe draftingof
CommonArticle3tothe GenevaConventions 135
1.1. TheConventiononthePreventionand
PunishmentoftheCrimeofGenocide (1948)
of
Table Contents ix
2. 1949-1980:Noliabilityfortheviolationsofthe lawof
internalarmed conflicts 139
2.1. Article 3Commonto the GenevaConventions
and enforcementmeasures 139
2.2. 1949-1980:Noprosecutionfor thosewho
commitwartimeoffences 14°
2·3· ProtocolIIAdditionalto the Geneva
Conventions andenforcementmeasures 142
3· 19So-thepresent:Theprosecutionofwarcriminalsis
onthe nationalandinternationalagenda 144
3.1. Theenforcementofthelawofnon-international
armedconflicts atthe nationallevel 144
3.2. Theenforcementofthelawofnon-international
armedconflicts attheinternationallevel 146
3·3· TheworkoftheICTYrelatingtointernalarmed
conflicts 149
4· TheInternationalCriminalCourt 152
4.I. Shortoverviewofthe mainstagesthathaveled
to the adoptionofthe Rome statute 153
4·2. TheICC and non-internationalarmedconflicts 154
Conclusions 159
Index 165