The fall of Jerusalem and the Christian church: a study of the effects of the Jewish overthrow of A. D. 70 on Christianity

302 Pages·1951·8.952 MB·English

by  Samuel George Frederick Brandon

"Andt hesyh aflallb lyt heed goeft hsew oradn,ds hablell ecda ptiinvteao l tlh nea tioannsd;
Jerusaslheambl elt rodddoewnno ft hGee ntiulnetsti,hl te i moefst hGee ntiblefe usfji lled."­
Luke2 1.2 4. A bas-relfireofmt heA rcho fT ituisn t heF orumR omanu rn depicting
thes poiolfst heT emplet,h es even-brancchaendd lesttihceak l,t aorf s hew-breaandd
thes ilvetrr umpetbse,i ngb ornei nt riumpthh rougthh es treeotfs R ome by the
victoriloeugsi onaorfiT eist us.( Seep age2 02,n . 2.)
frontispiue
THEF ALLO FJ ERUSALEM
AND
THEC HRISTICAHNU RCH
AS tudofy t hEeffe coft tsh Jeew ishO verthofr ow
A.D7.0 o nC hristianity
BY
S.G .F .B RANDON, M.AD..,. D
...
LONDON
S·P·C·K
Firpsutb liisnh ed
by S.P.1C9.5K1 .,
NorthumAbveernWlu.aeCn,.d 2 .
Prinatenbddo uinnGdr eBarti tabiyn
WillCilaomaw neSdso nsL,i mited,
LondoannB de ccles.
Alrli grhetsse rved.
(yo(�sHcl)f lt.;L
I 0
GR Co
573
VXORI MEAE
CONTENTS
PREFACE
PAGE
SYOCNFHO APPSTIESR S .
.
lX
.ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
XX
INTTRNHOAEODTT FUPUH CRREOTOEC FOB H RLRYEI:MS TIAN
CHAPTER ONE
ORIGINS I
APAP ENDIX.
selectoifto hneo pinioonfss o mem odersnc holarIs 2
ont hee ffecotf t hed estrucotfiJ oenr usaloenm
Christianity
TPRIMHIECTI HVIUTETRE SCRE HRXA:ITIN TENDONT RTEI RANLA L
CHAPTER TWO
CONASCTTCTIOOHT REU(D OTaITEFI)NHV O GEIDN E NCE
WROIPFAAT (NUIOTbDLNFAH) GO cTE SFATH PSE OI S5T LES
TCHRHEICpU NHA A LCETCSTOOETH RVIEODITN FIDHE NEE GN CE
CHAPTERT HREE
SYGNoAosONPPTPDTEHA INLESLC sRoE uSRcEs
3I
TINIA
TPHAEIU NLTIOECNFRHE PR RIESTTAITAINOINT Y
CHAPTER FOUR
54
CHRAICTSCTOTIOCH ARHEONjDU FIEILR TRNECYUGMH S A
CHAPTERFI VE
74
jECWHAIRTNSINHDHSAE CTTIAI�G:�IRUARO SNONESM' ES
CHAPTER SIX
APPOEnN DIX
THE 88'
I. thea llegreedf eretnoct ehser evolutioInary 2
activoiftt hyep rimitJievwei sChh ristiina ns
APIPIE.N DIX I22
theH ebreJwo pspion I
APIPlElN.D IX
Relevaenxtt rafcrtosmt heS lavonJiocse phus
I23
Thep resumeedd icotf C laudiaugsa intshte
violatoifto onm bisn P alestine
vii
Contents
Vlll
PAGE
APPENDIIXV .S ulpicSieuvse rouns t hed estrucotfit ohne
Temple I23
APPENIDX V. TheJ o hannienvei denocfae p oliteilceam1e nt
inC hristOiraing ins I2 4
CHAPTERS EEVN
THEC RISIOFS A .D5.5 T6O6 126
CHAPTERE IGHT
THEj EWISWHA R AGAINRSoTM E,A .D6.6 T7O0
CHAPTERN INE
THE FATEO FT HEP ALEISNTIANC HURCH.
CHAPTERT EN
THE MARKANR EACTOIN TO A.D7.0 .
CHAPTERE LEEVN
THE LUKANL ITERATUARNED T HER EHABLIITAITONO FP AUL 206
CHAPTERT WELEV
THE GosPELO FM ATTHEWA NDT HEO RIGNISo FA LEXANIDARN
CHRISITANITY 2 7I
APPENIXD.T heb earionfgt hee videnocfet extuvaalr iants
on thep robleomft heo rigoifnt heM atthean
Gospel 244
EPILOG.U E 249
BIBLIOGRAPHYI .( AncieLnitt eraSroyu rces) 252
BmuoGRAPHIYI .( ModerWno rks). 253
ADDENDUMC.o ncernitnhge w orkosf D r.R oberEti sler 261
APPENDIJXe.w isChh ristianity taocP croorfdesisnHo.grJ .
Schoep. s 262
INDEXo FM oDERNA uTHORS 265
INDEXO FS UBJECTS 269
INDEXO FA NCIENSTo uRcEs 275
FRONITPSIECE.T HES POILOSF T HET EMPLEA: B AS-RIEELFO NT HE
ARcHo FT ITus RoME.
IN
PREFACE
HE
subjoeftc htpe r essetnuthd aybs e eonn oef long-stianntdeirnegs t
tot hwer iteIrti.sm portwaanfiscr ess tu ggebsytc eedr traeimna rks
T
madbey t hlea tDerS .t reeitnhe irgs r ewaotr okn G ospOerli gins;
1
onee xampwliels lu fficteo s hohwi asp precioaftt ihoemn o mentous
natuorfte h dee struocJfte irouns ailne m7 0f otrh e ChrCihsutricahn:
A.D.
"Iits i mpossfioburls ne o wadatyors e altihzseeh ocokf 70t oa
A.D.
communiinwt hyi cJhe wiasnhdG entmielmeb earlsi hkaedb eerne ared
int hper ofounvdeensetr aotfti hoienm memorial osfta hnHeco tliyt y
City tahnTede mple."2
UnfortuDnraS.tt erleyne etveserer e tmosh avuen dertaankyse pne cial
studoyft he maitnot redret rod emonsthriajstu ed gemaebnotui tt s
crucniaatlu rHeo.w evetrh,me e rfeo rmulaotfti hosenu ggestthiaotn
theov erthorfto hwJe e winsaht iosntaalit ne 70m ayh avhea d
A.D.
importraenpte rcufsosnria osncseC nhtr istiaaton nictseye itn t raai n
numbeofrap ricoornis idewrhaiticsohen esmt eodc onfiirmtr se asonable­
nessI.tw ass urprising,t htawhthe ernae fdoerfien,is teiavrewc ahs
undertoafkt ehnre e levmaondte rlni teraittwu arsfe o,u ntdh awtr iter
after writceorm pelienttehegellrye t coct oends itdhpeeor s sible significance
oft he eovred nitsc ouintpt eerde mptaonrdit lhlyeo, g iccoanlc luosfi on
thicso nsisotfev necryd siecetm etdob er eachiendt hec ategorical
asserotfti hoangt r eaautt hoornit thyae n ciweonrtl Edd,u arMde yer,
thatth cer ucial devoefCl horpimsetnihtaasnd bi eteyen ff ectbeedf ore
70,s ot.h atth Jee wicsaht asthraodpr heea lnloyt himnogrt eh aann
A.D.
acadeimnitce froeCrsh tr istians.3
Mindfouftl h icsu ridoiuvse rgoefne cvea luatthiewo rni,t uenrd er­
tooakn i nvestiogfat thiero enl evaanncti ednotc umeinntt sh eh ope
ofr eachai snogl utoifio tn.T her esuhlatsb eena,st hef ollowing
pagessh oawt l engtthha,it n,s eekian sgo lutoifto hne m ysteorfy
thes ignifiocfat nhceee v enotfs 70f oCrh ristihaenh iatsby e,e n
A.D.
ledt os tudmya nya speocftC sh ristOiraingi ntsoq, u estisoenv eral
establpiosshietdai nodnt sop, r opoasnee v aluaotfti hoeenff eocftt he
destruocftt ihoJene wish osntt ahtede e velopomfeC nhtri stianity
whicohn,t hmeo smto deraetset imwaitlueln, d oubtbeedd leys cribed
asn ovel.
Thet emeroifpt ryo posnienwag n dr adiscoallu toifto hnpesr oblems
ofC hristOiraing miunssbt e o bvitooua sn yownheo h aasw orkiknngo w­
ledogfeN ewT estamsetnutd ainedns ,ow ismea nw illli ghutnldye rtake
1 SeAep pendtixo C haptOenrep ,.1 2 .
2 The FourG opselps.5,1 6 .
3S ene. above.
I
llt
Preface
X
threi siknsv olvIetid ss. u bmitttheatdth orsies akrsfe u lrleya lhiezreed.
andt hatth es olutsieoftno ritnht hisst udiyso fferaesda tentative
interpreotfda attiwaoh ni ccho ntarienaa ln du rgepnrto blems and
accorddienmgalnycd o nsideration.
Thel atPer ofeGsusiogrn ehbaeswrr ti ttthean1t " Toucsed sbe udtes
lE'g lcihseret iseonsnniite n ceretto abissnicqs uu prerss eq cuheqa ufeoi qs ulee' xg eete
ser isquuneae ffi rmatiilaop enr,f tooiautut s suintre8a tis onl ac doeend teir.r"
a
Thet ruotfht hisst atehmeanbset e cno nstarnetallyib zye dtp hree sent
writaenrdi, ti sc erttahiantt h owsheo r eatdh seu cceepdaignewgsi ll
often find themselsvoemsoe t phrieenrft eerrrpirneogfta a stpieocni fic
passatgote h at wihssi ecftho rhtehr eS.\ ldcihv ergoefon pcien iiosn
inevitwahbelrteeh ed ataar es oa mbiguoaunsdt, h eriesn ou seful
alterntaott hioevb ev ioaunsdu suwaaly o fs ubmitotnieni'gns t erpreta­
tiosnu,p porbtyae ldtl h eev idewnhciecs he emtsob er elevtaoon tth,e r
scholaanrdas b idingf atichroe nisri derAastP iroonf.eG sosgourhe als
welsla iidnt, h set uodfyC hrisOtriiagnei vnespr oys siibnltee rpretation
musbte s ougahntde xamined. Actchofero dlilnoigwnlityne,gr pretation
isa dvanicnet dh heo pteh aittw i lslt imuoltahtetero cs o nsitdhewere ll­
knowdna twai tahf reosrhi entoafrt eifoenr ence.
Attenthiaosan l reabdeye dnr awtno t hec urionuesg lesccth olars
havseh owtno wartdhsse u bjoefct ths ei gnifiocfat nhcdeee struocft ion
Jerusafloetrmh ei nfant CChhruirsctWhih.aa nt h asb eetnh cea use
oft hinse gliesnc ottc e rtabiunti, ta ppealrisk telhyai ttm ayr esiidne
anu nconscrieoaucstt ioao cne rteaairnl dieevre lopomfNe enwtT esta­
menetx egesTihseg. e necrrailt iicsci osnms equaennttilcyi tphaatte d
hermea nyo ft hoel gdh osotfTs u bingheanvb ee erne calalnedad l lowed
tos taflrke ely tthhredo iusgchu ssIifso unc.ah n o bjecbteim oand e,
thaen swer smuursebtle ty h atth ogsheo swtesrn ee verre alllayia dn d
thatth eayr ef ounodn c lossecrr uttiobn eyv ersyu bstabnetiinagls .
Whilaed octrinaire oafHp epgleilmcieaattnai pohnty ots hieecl ucidation
oft heh istoofrp yr imitive Cmharyij sutsitbalecny oi ntdye mntehde,
harfda cwthsi,c mha yh avbee eunt ilifzoetrdh imsu,s nto tb ed is­
regaradseh da vitnhge rleobsytt h efiorr ocrer elevfaonsrcu yb sequent
research.
Itr emaifnostr h ea uthtoorp uto nr ecohridss i ncere gtroa titude
ProfeTs.sW o.r M ansoonft heR ylanCdhsa iorfB ibliEcxaelg eisni s
thUen iverosfMi atnyc hefsothrei rcs o nsteanncto uragoevmemeran nty
yearWsi.t hotuhtie sn couragtehmewe onrtok f p reparaftoitroh ne
premsuss lto nagg oha vbee eanb andonheodw;e vPerro,f eMsasnosro n's
kinda dviwcaesg ivoennt heev ideonftc heoe r igidnraaolff tt h weo rk
andh ei si nn ow ayr esponfsoitrbh lneeo veslu ggesptuitfo onrsit nh
thper esceonmtp levteerds ion.
Thea uthaolrsd oe sitroee xsp rheisgssr eiantd ebtetdoDn reR.so sb ert
Eislfeohrri esn couragaenmdea ndtv iscofe r eealnyds or ichgliyv en.
I CLehr is(tP ari1s93,)4 ,
p.g o.
Preface
XI
Desptihtee mdainvye rgoefno cpeisn iDorn.E, i slweirl l best know to
whaetx tento wnhg irse laeta rnihnags bdereanw unp on inw ortkhi,s
andi ti sh opetdh at sionmdei caotfti hoedn e bwti lblea pparteon t
readientr hsn eo tes.
CattCearpmi,c k
july5 th9,4
7.
I
Postpstcurmi
Sincec otmhpel eotfti homena nuscsreivpeter vaelnh tasve en couraged
thaeu thionrh ibse liientf h iem portoafnt chete h emeO.n r eading
ProfeMs.sG oorg uefiln'ess t udeyn titLlaNe adi ssdaunC chreis tianisme
(Par1i9s4,6h )ew, a sg ratitfiofie nddt hawth,i nloes pecciofincs ideration
was gtihveernte oit nhq eu estoifto hnse i gnifiocfat nhJceee w iosvhe r­
throiwnA .D7.0 o,n m anyi mportpaonitnh tisos w ni nterpretation
receicvoends idesruapbploedr itr,e cotril nyd irefcrtoltmyh ,eg reat
Frenscchh o;ls aurcihn stahnacvbeees e inn diciantt henedo teSsi.m ilarly
heh asf ounvda luacbolnefi rmaitnti hoienm portwaonrtwk h icPhr o­
fesHs.oJ r. S choehpassr ecenptulbyl isuhneddet rh tei tolfTe h eologie
unGde schdiecJshu etdnec thernist(uTmtisb in1g9e4n9,b) e;c autsheis st udy,
which·s uwrierllelym afionmr a nyy eaornse o ft hmeo satu thoritative
interpreotfJa etwiiCoshnhrs i stiparnoivtibydo,et sh poswueprfpuoolnr t
somoeft hpeo instefsto rhtehr aen dd ivervgieenowtns o thearc sr,i tique
ofi th asa ccordibeneganlp yp endteoBd i bliogIrIa.p h1y9 4t8h e
In
authwoarsi nvittole edc tounrh eis su bjientc htUe n iverosfVi iteyn na.
Int hei nvitahtesi aowfn urtrheecro gnoiftit ohnes ignifiocfat nhcee
FalolfJ erusafloCerhm r istiaanndhi eat cyc,o rddiensgiltryoae csk now­
ledhgeer teh kei nidn teorfeP srto feGs.sE onrt Dze,a onf t hFea cuolft y
Theol(ogEyv ains-gchethelloogeinsF cakhultiiintt h)Ue n iverosfVi iteyn na,
frowmh omt hien vitcaatmieo.n
Thea uthgorra teafcuklnloyw ltehdpege ersm isksiinodgnli yv beynt he
follopwuibnlgi sthoqe urostf er otmh weo rkisn dicaTtheeCd a:m bridge
UniverPsriet(syMs . P ., CharlesDwoocrutmhie,ln lttusis nttghrR eae igofn s
ClaudainuNdse o r)M;e ssrMsa.c milalnadnC o.L,t d(.J B.. L ightfoot
andJ .R .H armeTrhe,A postFoalhtiecr Mse)s;s Jr.sC ..B .M ohr( Paul
SiebeocfTk ti)b ing(eHnJ. . S choeTpheso,l ougniGdee schdiecJshu etdne­
chrtisutm;es Mn)essrPsa.y ootf P ari(sM .G ogueLla,N aissdaun ce
Chrtisiaen)i.sm
Sintchepe r esweonrtwk a ss eitnt ypteh dee atohfD r.R obeErits ler
habse eann nouncTehdea. u thaocrc ordhionpgetlshy a hti bso omka y
ber egaradsae t dr ibtuott heme e moroyfa g resacth oflraorom n ew ho
hasb een effescttiimvuellbayyt h eidps u bliswhoerdk and who was
privilpergievdat tode rlya w upon ehriusd ivtaipsortni -vaiw lheigceh
wasa lwasyows i llianngdsl oky i ndgliyv en.
Preface
Xll
Fianllgyr,a teafckunlo wledmguesmbtee mn atd oef t hiem mencsaer e
whichha sb eesno g eneroguisvlbeyynt heed itosrtiaoaffTlf h eS ociety
forP romotCihnrgi sKtnioawnl etdotg hepe r eparoaftt ihmoean n uscript
fort hep rewshsi lieta su thhoarsb eesne rvoivnegr seas.
l(lafguernAtu,s tria.
July t2h71,9 50.