The Evolution of Feminine Loyalty Trends in Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Appalachian ...

119 Pages·2015·0.25 MB·English

by  Candace Jean Daniel

East Tennessee State University
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Tennessee State University
Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works
8-2008
The Evolution of Feminine Loyalty Trends in
Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Appalachian
Literature.
Candace Jean Daniel
East Tennessee State University
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Daniel, Candace Jean, "The Evolution of Feminine Loyalty Trends in Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Appalachian Literature."
(2008).Electronic Theses and Dissertations.Paper 1954. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1954
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The Evolution of Feminine Loyalty Trends in Twentieth and Twenty-first Century Appalachian
Literature
_____________________
A thesis
presented to
the faculty of the Department of English
East Tennessee State University
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
Masters of Arts inEnglish
_____________________
by
Candace J. Daniel
August2008
_____________________
Dr. Mark Holland, Chair
Dr. Theresa Lloyd
Dr. Ronald Giles
Keywords: loyalty, identity, Appalachian literature, Appalachia, family, husband
ABSTRACT
The Evolution of Feminine Loyalty Trends in Twentieth and Twenty-first Century Appalachian
Literature
by
Candace J. Daniel
Loyalty to the self, family, and husband create interesting tensions for feminine characters in
Appalachian literature. Traditional views of loyalty dictate that the Appalachian woman chooses
to be loyal to her husband and family while abandoning her self loyalty. Appalachian women
writers define the terms of loyalty and the conflicts these three levels create. Furthermore,
studying a progression of novels from 1926 to the present shows that feminine loyalty trends
have changed. This argument focuses on examining loyalty trends of feminine Appalachian
characters, studying the contentions among those loyalties, specifically showing how loyalty
patterns have changed in literature, and offering speculation on why these loyalty patterns have
changed progressively in Appalachian literature. The study includes five Appalachian novels:
The Time of Man by Elizabeth Madox Roberts, The Dollmaker by Harriette Arnow, Storming
Heaven by Denise Giardina, Prodigal Summer by Barbara Kingsolver, and The Midwife’s Tale
by Gretchen Morgan Laskas.
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DEDICATION
For Brenda, Pamela, Cledia, Claudine, Suzie, and Maggie,Appalachian women who
defied tradition in their own ways.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis grew from a rich assortment of influences. I would like to thank Dr. John
Baker of Concord University for his research assistance and moral support. Also, I would like to
thank my father, Ernest Day, for numerous hours dedicated to typing my handwritten notes. I
express my gratitude to Brenda Day for her moral support and for her research assistance, as well
as Pamela Simpson for keeping me company on my many trips to the library. Lastly, and most
important, I would like to thank Dr. Holland for his guidance and patience throughout this long
composition process, Dr. Lloyd for her input and expertise, and Dr. Ronald Giles, a true master
of the English language, who made sure my meaning was expressed in exactly the right words.
CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 2
DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. 4
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..... 7
2. THE TIME OF MAN......................................................................................................... 18
Loyalty to Self............................................................................................................ 18
Loyalty to Husband.............................................................................................. 23
Loyalty to Family…………………………………………………………... 27
3. THE DOLLMAKER.......................................................................................................... 35
Loyalty to Self............................................................................................................ 36
Loyalty to Husband ............................................................................................. 39
Loyalty to Family…………………………………………………………... 43
4. STORMING HEAVEN..................................................................................................... 50
Loyalty to Self ........................................................................................................... 51
Loyalty to Husband ............................................................................................. 55
Loyalty to Family…………………………………………………………... 59
5.PRODIGAL SUMMER..................................................................................................... 63
Loyalty to Self ........................................................................................................... 64
Loyalty to Husband/lover ................................................................................... 70
Loyalty to Family…………………………………………………………... 76
6. THE MIDWIFE’S TALE ................................................................................................. 84
Loyalty to Self ........................................................................................................... 85
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Chapter Page
Loyalty to Husband/lover ................................................................................... 89
Loyalty to Family………………………………………………………………. 92
7. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 99
WORKS CITED.................................................................................................................... 109
VITA ..................................................................................................................................... 117
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In Appalachian literature, loyalty encompasses spouse, family, children, friends, and
community. Nineteenth century Appalachian females are self-sacrificing for the good of their
families, consistently abandoning their own desires and ambitions. Loyalty to the people around
them takes precedence over loyalty to themselves.This nineteenth century character trait reflects
the cult of domesticity ideology. Interestingly, because of the cult of domesticity, the idea of
loyalty to the self is often absent in early versions of these courageous characters, yet it becomes
a motivating force for later characters. The twentieth century, in literature, marked a dramatic
change for both women writers and their literary characters. Elizabeth Ammons explains that a
“large consequence of grouping turn-of-the-century women writers is the creation of new
perspectives on what we believe is already firmly established” (viii). The new century began to
bring women’s writing outside of the cult of domesticity. Martha J. Cutter explains, “it was not
until the beginning of the twentieth century, when the New Woman emerged fully onto the scene
of American culture, that the domestic voice was finally laid to rest” (14). Furthermore, this
change in ideology is represented in literature. Twentieth century Appalachian characters battle
with definitions of loyalty to themselves, husbands, and families, whereas under the cult of
domesticity, these loyalties were clearly defined. Cutter notes that one characteristic of New
Women is that they “insisted on independent identities” (19). The development of an
independent identity for women is represented in Appalachian literature. This study examines
three types of loyalty for female Appalachian characters: self, husband, and family. The study
views characters as the novels were chronologically published to show the changes in female
loyalty through the twentieth and into the twenty-first century.
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Initially, some Appalachian women are loyal to themselves. Self loyalty can be defined
as choosing to do what the self feels is right or wants to do in any given situation. Moreover, self
loyalty is a reflection of identity; however, defining the term identity is complicated. Norman N.
Holland says that identity is “the whole pattern of sameness within change which is a human
life….That is, I am constantly changing but, no matter how much I change, there remains a
continuing me who is the style that permeates all those changes and whom I understand as that
which remains constant despite all the changes” (452). Obviously, loyalty to the self is part of
identity. As Holland points out, part of identity is an element that “remains constant despite
all…changes” (452). As the women in this study discover their identity or their “pattern[s] of
sameness[,]” they also discover the extent of their loyalty to that identity (452). They create and
discover their identities longbefore they marry or have children. For example, Ellen in The
Time of Man comes to a greater understanding of her identity as she blooms into womanhood.
Her loveliness is a source of strength for her during difficult times because, as Holland points
out, her beauty is the element that “remains constant despite all the changes” of her life (452).
Her beauty becomes a part of her identity because it comes to mean a great deal to her. She
develops this identity before she marries but loses it soon after she begins to have many children.
Beyond identity, self loyalty is also tied to personal desires. These desires can include
anything from land to helping people. The extent these female characters pursue their personal
desires defines their self loyalty. When they give up trying to attain their personal desires, they
may seem to betray their self loyalty. However, another element of this type of loyalty is
selflessness. For many women in this study, their loyalty to the self is at least partly defined by
how they can help the community around them. Elizabeth in The Midwife’s Tale learns that
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being a midwife and helping people is part of her identity. Likewise, Carrie in Storming Heaven
defines her identity through helping the miners as they struggle for unionization. So, for many
characters, loyalty to the self is intricately related to the community and how they can help
others. They define themselves through their surroundings. Nancy Carol Joyner notes that “the
desire to succeed within the group and the desire to succeed without it are tandem elements of
the identity search for women” (718). Clearly, the community has potential to affect the creation
of self for these women, and for some of them, community plays an imperative role in their
identity.
A second loyalty for these women is rooted in their dedication to their children. For
nineteenth-century Appalachian female characters, loyalty to family is defined by the woman’s
ability to be self sacrificing for the good of the family. This form of loyalty is steeped in
traditional culture. Danny Miller points out that a “dedication to her family’s well being is a …
characteristic of the mountain woman in literature” (Wingless Flights 10). Traditionally viewed,
the Appalachian woman does any and everything for her family. Her loyalty to her children is
never questioned. Miller points out that the Appalachian woman “constantly sacrifices for them,
and her sacrifices are great” (Wingless Flights 10). Clearly, a dedication to the family is
important in nineteenth-century Appalachian literature. Dedication to the family is often viewed
as the strongest form of loyalty for these women. Sidney Saylor Farr notes that “[s]ometimes
mountain women will go against their husbands [sic] wishes, especially if it concerns their
children” (13). For example, Gertie in The Dollmaker betrays Clovis by buying the Tipton Place
partly because she feels that owning land would better allow her to take care of her children. Yet,
as this study will show, twentieth-century portrayals of loyalty to children is not always a role
taken without question. Women in this study attempt to be loyal to their children; however, this
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