The Discourse and Politics of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto PDF
Preview The Discourse and Politics of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
THE DISCOURSE AND POLITICS OF ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTTO Also lly Anwar H. Syed PAKISTAN: ISlAM, POLITICS, AND NATIONAL SOLIDARITY CHINA AND PAKISTAN: THE DIPLOMACY OF AN ENTENTE CORDIALE THE POLITICAL THEORY OF AMERICAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT WALTER LIPPMANN'S PHILOSOPHY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS The Discourse and Politics of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Anwar H. Syed Professor of Political Science University of Massachusetts at Amherst M MACMILLAN © Anwar H. Syed 1992 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published in 1992 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-57665-6 ISBN 978-1-349-22025-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22025-0 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library To Shameem who is more beautiful and precious to my eyes than ever as we enter the thirty-second year of our togetherness Contents List of Tables X Foreword Xl Acknowledgements XIV A Note on Transliteration XV List of Abbreviations XVI 1 Perspectives on Leadership and Political Culture 1 Political Leadership: General Observations 1 Leadership in Pakistani Political Culture 4 Political Culture of the Pakistani Landlords 6 The Poor and the Middle Classes 10 Models of Rulership 12 Bhutto on Nehru 14 Interpretation 15 Thinking Aloud on Major Issues 17 Bilateralism: The Small State in International Politics 19 Notes 23 2 Stumbling into a War 26 Domestic Politics: A Learning Experience 26 Foreign Policy: Broad Orientations 28 Mro-Asian Solidarity 30 Toward Self-Assertion in Foreign Policy 32 Interpretation Advocacy in the Kashmir Dispute 40 Interpretation Bhutto and the War of 1965: An assessment 46 Interpretation Notes 55 3 Party-Making and Electioneering 59 Discovering a Winning Ideology 60 The PPP Foundation Documents 61 The 1970 Election Manifesto 64 Of Islamic Socialism 66 Vll Vlll Contents Bhutto and the General Elections of 1970 67 A New Kind of Campaign 68 Bhutto on Himself and His Foes 73 Interpretation 78 The Election Results: Analysis and Interpretations 79 Notes 87 4 The Dismemberment of Pakistan 91 Bhutto's Accusers 91 Bhutto and the Awami League's Six Points 93 Bhutto's Quest for Power: A Predicament 95 Politics of Pressure 97 The Awami League's Answer 102 Politics of Dissociation 103 Bhutto at the United Nations: More of Dissociation 108 Conclusion 111 Notes 114 5 Restructuring the Polity 117 Bhutto's Covenant 117 Nationalization of Industries 120 Economic Decision-Making 124 Land Reforms 126 Interpretation 132 Administrative Reforms 133 Interpretation 139 Notes 140 6 Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 144 The Simla Agreement 144 Interpretation 151 Mter Simla 153 Pakistan and the Soviet Union 155 Pakistan and Mghanistan 156 Pakistan and China 158 Pakistan and Iran 159 Pakistan and the Arab States 162 Pakistan and the United States 165 Interpretation 167 Notes 169 7 In Pursuit of Power 172 A Constitutional Settlement 172 Contents IX Interpretation 178 Bhutto and the NAP:JUI Governments 181 Interpretation 189 Crisis Management 190 The Language Crisis in Sind 191 The Anti-Ahmadi Riots 197 Notes 202 8 Institutional Decay and Bhutto's Fall 205 Bhutto and the Pakistan People's Party 207 Factionalism in the PPP 208 The Reformation That Never Happened 210 Bhutto's Role: An Interpretation 212 Political Repression 214 The Opposition Tactics 220 Interpretation 222 The Election of 1977 224 Interpretation 231 The Fall of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 234 Interpretation 243 Notes 245 9 Conclusion 249 Bhutto as a Leader 252 Bhutto as a Ruler 254 Political Repression 256 The Feudal Connection 257 Political Tradition and Culture 259 Notes 262 Index 265 List of Tables 3.1 National Assembly elections, 1970: seats won 80 3.2 National Assembly elections, 1970: percentage of valid votes received by PPP and selected others 81 3.3 Provincial assembly elections, 1970: seats won 81 3.4 Economic development and modernization ranking of the Punjab districts 85 5.1 Results of land reforms under Ayub Khan and Bhutto 128 5.2 Impact of Bhutto's land reforms under MLR 115 129 X
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