The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism PDF
Preview The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism
The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1 951 ARAB NATIONALISM, THE UNITED STATES, AND POSTWAR IMPERIALISM by Wm. Roger Louis Kerr Professor of English History and Culture University of Texas at Austin CLARENDON PRESS • OXFORD Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6dp Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Wm. Roger Louis 1984 Reprinted 1998 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Within the UK, exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms and in other countries should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser ISBN 0-19-822489-3 ISBN 0-19-822960-7 (Pbk) Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Short Run Books King’s Lynn CONTENTS List of Maps____________________________________________xiii Abbreviations and Location of Manuscript Sources_____________xv I ___Introduction_________________________________________ 1 II The Northern Tier: Iran, Turkey, and Greece, 1945-1947 51 III__British Defence of the Middle East_____________________ 103 1 Prelude: Turning Points and Controversies_____________105 2 The Arab League_________________________________ 128 3 Independence in Syria and Lebanon: the Significance of the Crisis of 1945____________________________ iAl 4 Saudi Arabia; the Question of Oil and the Accommodation of the United States______________123 5 Cyprus: Self-Determination versus Strategic Security in the Eastern Mediterranean_____________________ 205 6 Egypt: British ‘Evacuation’ and the ‘Unity of the Nile Valley’_______________________________________ 226 7 The Italian Colonies and British Strategic Rights in Cyrenaica_____________________________________ 265 8 Iraq: ‘The Vital Imperial Connection* and Questions of Iraqi Nationalism_____________________________307 9 Transjordan and ‘Mr. Bevin’s Little King’______________345 IV Palestine__________________________________________ 381 1 Prelude: Ernest Bevin and the Legacy of the Balfour Declaration____________________________________383 2 The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry___________ 397 3 The Evolution of American Policy and the Quest for a Binational State_______________________________420 4 From Yom Kippur 1946 to British Atonement in the United Nations 1947____________________________439 5 The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine and the British Decision to Evacuate_______________ 464 xii Contents 6 The United States and the United Nations Vote of the 29th of November 1947_________________________ 478 7 The Winter of 1947-1948: Towards Partition or Trusteeship?___________________________________495 8 The United States and the End of British Rule in Palestine____________________________________514 9 The Arab-lsraeli War of 1948: Political Implications 532 ¥__The Middle East 1949-1951__________________________ 513 1 Prelude: From Deir Yassin in 1948 to Egyptian Abrogation in 1951_____________________________575 2 The Future of the Middle Eastern States: Questions of Economic ‘Viability' and Political Stability__________604 3 The Persian Oil Crisis______________________________632 4 Catastrophe Foreshadowed: Controversy with Egypt over the Canal Zone and Sudan______________691 5 The Middle East and the Fall of the Labour Government in 1951; the End of an Era___________________________737 Chronology 749 Index_________________________________________________761 MAPS i nc nuaoic Last in 1 wo __________ xvm-xix United Nations Partition of Palestine 1947 494 Israeli Offensives 1948 and Armistice Lines 1949 572 Middle Eastern Oil 1951 690 The Canal Zone 1951 _______________756 ABBREVIATIONS AND LOCATION OF MANUSCRIPT SOURCES Public Record Office, London: CAB Cabinet Office CO Colonial Office COS Chiefs of Staff records (in the CAB and DEFE series) DEFE Ministry of Defence FO Foreign Office PREM Prime Minister’s Office WO War Office National Archives, Washington: USSD State Department USJCS Joint Chiefs of Staff Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Independence, Missouri: Truman Library Israel: CZA Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem ISA Israel State Archives, Jerusalem WA Weizmann Archives, Rehovot Acheson Papers. Papers of Dean Acheson, Truman Library. Alexander Papers. Papers of A. V. Alexander, Churchill College, Cambridge. Alsop Papers. Papers of Joseph and Stewart Alsop, Library of Congress, Washing ton DC. Attlee Papers. Papers of Clement Attlee, Bodleian Library, Oxford, and Churchill College, Cambridge. Austin Papers. Papers of Warren Austin, University of Vermont Library, Burling ton, Vermont. Aydelotte Papers. Papers and Diary of Frank Aydelotte, Friends Historical Library, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Bunche Papers. Papers of Ralph Bunche, U. C. L. A. Library, Los Angeles. Cadogan Diaries. Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, Churchill College, Cambridge. Clifford Papers. Papers of Clark Clifford, Truman Library. xvi Abbreviations and Location of Manuscript Sources Creech Jones Papers. Papers of Arthur Creech Jones, Rhodes House, Oxford. Crossman Papers. Papers of Richard Crossman, Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford. Cunningham Papers. Papers of Sir Alan Cunningham, Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford. Dalton Diaries. Diaries of Hugh Dalton, London School of Economics. Fabian Colonial Bureau Papers. Rhodes House, Oxford. Forrestal Papers. Papers and Diary of James Forrestal, Firestone Library, Prince ton University. Frankfurter Papers. Papers of Felix Frankfurter, Library of Congress, Washington D.C. Grady Papers. Papers of Henry F. Grady, Truman Library. Harvey Papers. Diaries and Papers of Lord (Sir Oliver) Harvey, British Library, London. Hurley Papers. Papers of Patrick J. Hurley, University of Oklahoma Library, Norman, Oklahoma. Hutcheson Papers. Papers of Joseph Hutcheson, Humanities Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. Killeam Diaries. Diaries of Lord Killeam (Sir Miles Lampson), Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford. McDonald Papers. Papers of James G. McDonald, Columbia University, New York. Sir John Martin Papers (privately held). Kingsley Martin Papers. Papers of Kingsley Martin, University of Sussex Library, Brighton. Mitchell Papers. Papers of Sir Philip Mitchell, Rhodes House, Oxford. Monroe Papers. Papers of Elizabeth Monroe, Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford. Phillips Papers. Papers and Diary of William Phillips, Houghton Library, Harvard University. Quilliam Papers. Papers of C. D. Quilliam, The Times Archive, London. Robertson Papers. Papers of Sir James Robertson, Sudan Archive, University of Durham. Abbreviations and Location of Manuscript Sources xvii Rosenman Papers. Papers of Samuel Rosenman, Truman Library. RIIA. Papers of the ‘Middle East Group* Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London. Shone Papers. Papers of Sir Terence Shone, Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford. Spears Papers. Papers of Sir Edward Spears, Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford. Stansgate Papers. Papers of Lord Stansgate, House of Lords Record Office, London. Stokes Papers. Papers of Richard Stokes, Bodleian Library, Oxford. Truman Papers. Papers of Harry S. Truman, Truman Library. Weizmann Papers. Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Weizmann Archives. Foreign Relations. Foreign Relations of the United States (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC). Israel Documents. Political and Diplomatic Documents (Israel State Archives and Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem). Istanbul 8/83
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