The biology of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua

90 Pages·2014·16.23 MB·English

THE BIOLOGY OF THE ONION 'IAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTI'UA
(MEIGEN), UNDER FIELD AND GREENHOUSE CONDITIOi'
by
a1ph Burns Yorkman Jr
A THESIS
submit ted to
OREGOi STATE COLLEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
DOCTOR OF THILO3OPHY
June 1968
Redacted for privacy
Associate Entomologist
In Charge ol' îajor
Redacted for privacy
Chairman of Department 01' Entomology
Redacted for privacy
ChaIrman of chooì ractuate Cornait tee
Redacted for privacy__
Jean ol' u-racLuate School
l3
)ate thesis is presented 4:ay 1,
Typed by Eelen orkian
ÂCKNO1LEDGEMENT $
The writer wishes to very sincerely expres his
appreciation to the Oregon State Co1iee Entomo1o:y
Department for granting him a tnree-year research
assistantship. The financial assistance made it possible
to spend. 1'ull tiríie at education&l advancement. The
oportunity of working iith Dr. ii. H. Crowell a:ìd other
mtheem bleeras rnoirn gtL .oe r Ennet omnoieloth,'o yc ies taanfdí'. widaes ash.i ghly valued for
cknoiledernents are gratelully made to the following
for a critical review of the manuscript:
Jr. H. Ii. Crocell, Associate Entonoloist, Oregon
:tate Collee.
Dr. C. H. artin, Professor, Department or Entoo-
loy,
Oregon State College.
Dr. P. 0. Ritcher, Chairman, Department of 1ntoio-
logy, Oregon State College.
Sincere thanks are extended to ir. J. P. Perron,
Associate Entomologist, Canada Department of Agriculture,
Science Service Laboratory, St. Jean, uebec for sending
tue group of anti.ua used in portions of the study.
Fi.
TABLE OF COTENT
P age
INTRODUCTION. i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DSCRIPTIOiOFSTAUES.
. . . , . . . . . . . . . . ,
The Egg.
. . . s t . . . . e e s e .
i'Iìe Larva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
'i. he Puparium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
T' he Adult. . . . . . . . . . . . .
D¼-rJr,u -rÉ;ljTI4.LATj iiflUTTJr 'Lr.
. . . . , , . , , . . ,
.11
RearingMethods. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o1i8 Used In The Study.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Egg. 19
. . . a a . a a a a a a a S a S S
Soilmoleture.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Larva. 22
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
Soilmotature
. . . . . 23
. . . . . . . . . . .
Phototropic response feeding.
ctnd 25
. . . a a a
Number of seed1ins destroyed per maggot. 26
. .
On.on maggot survi.vai without fOOd,
. . . . .
Onion maggot movement in the soli 5O
. . . . . a
Onion maggot resistance to h1h rnoieture
il
i n the s o . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . .
Deteotion of onions in the soil
. 35
. . . . . .
Depth of penetration in the Oì1. 37
. . . . . .
Overintering. .. .. .38
. . . . . . . . . .
Rearing on ditferent hoss. . . 3,
. . . . . . .
Trie Pupa . 40
. . . . . s a e s . . . a . t
studies on d.iapause . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
EmrLence of adults from various detL1E
of soil.
. . . . .
Effect of different soils on size of
pupa riurn . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .44
Itie dult
Einerence from the pupariurn .45
. . . . . . . . .
Habits. .45
. . . . . . , . . . . .
.......
Oviposition .47
. . . . . . . . . . . .
........
Soil moisture .4
. . . . . . . .
Soli type .49
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oviposition on different hosts. .50
. . . . . . .
Oviposition in the absence of onions.
. . . .
Oviosition on seedllns of difierent size. .57
.
OVipOSltiOfl on preinfesed onions .5?
. . . . . .
Life Cycle. .5-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adult eruergence
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural 1nemiea .oO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........
QiION MAGGOT RE3I$TA.CE TO INSECTICIDES 61
THE ONION MAGGOT AND EATHER RECORDS. 68
. . . . . . . . .
JV
cl1Tt.
s-la . . . S S I . . . .
131 ;LIU(.iFtAPhY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
LIT
OF FIGUREE'
Figure
Page
1. Hy1emy antiçua eg (x120). .7
. . . . . . . . . . .
H1ei4y-. .ntiçu 1rvae (xZl). .8
.
. . e u e s s . s
iy1emya antciva pupae (xlO) .9
.
. . . . . . . . . . .
4. }y.iya antiva adults x1O). . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Rearing Hi1emyc. anticju In the greenhouse . 16
. . .
6. Rearing Thïlemya antiqua larvae in green-
house pots. 17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Different sizes of onion seed.lings used.
in teste to determine the nuraber of
plants destroyed per onion maggot . . . . . . . . 28
8. Arrangement or onion cubes In fiats of
oi1 to follow onion maggot dispers;.l . . 36
. e
Lortaiity of Fyleniy snticjua adults
following emergence from the puparla. . . . . . . 46
LIST OF TABLE3
Ta bi e Page
i. AnalysIs oÍ' soils used In the experlaentation.
(Per1'ormed. by the Oregon 3tte College Soils
........
Deprtrnent). 19
. . . . . . . . . . .
Percent ot soli ifiolsture recuired for lcrval
.
emergence from H. antigua eggs in different
sollo.
3. Percent of soli moisture required for
H. antigua maggot survival indifferent
seedling
Effect of onion SIZe Ofl numbers
cìestroyed by individual onion maggots. . . . . .
). Length of larval stages of H. antigua
reared in onion seedlings and mature onion
......
bulbs.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L. ovement of second and medium third instar
onion magots through Lake Labish, Ent.,
and Hort. soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
7. Numbers of onion magots found at onion
cubes placed tn four rows four inches apart. .3?
. .
B. Peuetratlot of 35 medlu third instar onion
raagot larvae in liht1y compacted Exit. SQl.i. . . .38
9. ±. antigua eggs placed on different ho.s.ts. ....
and larvae reared to the pupal stage 40
lo. Emergence of adult:: from 25 pupae taken
collected
from a group October 19, 195? and
placed at 3?-4l i. for varying period.s ......
before removing to 71_730 ' . . . .
11. EmergenCe of onion flies from puparia .at. .....
dlfferent de:ths of Lake Labish soil 44
12. :fIect of different aoil on the s.iz.e .ol.' .....
he pupariurn of H. ntiva 4ö
. . .
13. ïumhers of eggs dej.:osited by. H.. .a.nt.ic.ua. .....
in vet, damp, and dry soils
14. NwiLer of deos1ted by E. antlçua
among onion seedlings grown in d.irrerent
.50
3Oii3.
. s e S .
1.
Oviposition by J. antiqua on various
hosts. .51
. . . . . s . . . . . . .
16. Nuiber of onion raaLots after 1
days in j.,ots of oi1 with and ithout
o nion debris 56
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1?. OviposItion preference of jj.f laínetirt.ejut
beteen onion oi
heiht .....
07
. . e I
18. 1fe cycle of H. antljua under greenhouse
eon1itions in 0reon .59
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
1;. Duiiae produced by a.din' eg of different
strains of j. ¿uitigua to onion eed1ings
rmr £roiu heptaenior treaed seed. .64
. . . . . . .
20. Damae produced by ad.din egs of ciitieretit
strainB Of H. antiçua to onion seedlings
........
rown from heptachior treated see1 65
21. unioti daiiaged produced by adIing second
gron
instnr fl antigua to plants from
heptachior created seed.
. .66
. . . . . . . . . . .
22 Dama,e produced by young arid. medium
. third instar atigu., ontario strain,
H.
to onion seed1in grown frori heptachior
t r e a t ed s e e d . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . 6?
25. oisture data for years of reported heavy
onion maggot infestations and for the
tizo years which rreceeded theai 71
. . . . . . . . . .
THE BIOLOGY OF TRE OION MAGGOT, HYLEÁYA ANTIQ.UA
(M}IGEN), UNDER FIELD AND (]EENHOUSE COJDITIONS
INTRODUCTICN
l*yleinya antiu (Neen) le one or the most imoortnt
pests attaek1n onions. In ¡ost onion grow1n areas it
causes damage to the orop nearly every year aid soue years,
almost eonp1ete destruction is roc1ueed. In tììe United.
States 1089es occur o1y iii the northern areas, thc onion
rnaot ii.tie
beiÀg o or no importance in tile south.
Tíe current literature concerning the onion maggot is,
£uinly, from the United. States, Canath, England, Germany,
and Russia.
A survey of tie literature disclosed a large number
te
01' references on control of onion maggot wIth a lesser
nuber on its biology. Biological dats were chiefly
enerlly
descritive, rather than explanatory, ant eon-
cerned observable factors such as emergence in the spriz,
lenth 01 trie vorious stages, reovi;osition period,
number of egs laid er female and so on. These data bere
very similar in most of the papers examined. Many reports
concerned a heavy infestation of onion maggots iiiCh
occurred unexpectedly.
first
The onion mag-ot as described in Europe by
Neion in 1826. It reached North America shortly after-
first
ards. Some of the records of injury are froni the
eastern coast of the United. States. Harris (14, p.4)
reorted severe damage caused by the ixìeect In 4asachu-
sett6 In 1841. Couper (o, p.9) stated from Canada in 1875
that trie onion maggot was a pest throughout the
extent of the DoIdnioflt. About 1:1O, the onion maggot was
introduced into the Lake Labish area near Salem, which Is
the major onion growing region in western Oregon (34,
p.140).
Control of H. ati.ua In the Lake Labish area was
cillilcult fL)iL the begInning. Lovett (bl, j.1-2) in 1923,
reorteLL over 70 dlflerent treatments had been tried
against the insect up to that time with only partial suc-
cess. Testing of Insecticides by various workers was
continued throuki the years with varying results.
Calomel was used with good. results for a number of
years but was expensive, caused pLanter clogging, arid wa
somewhat phytotoxlc. ïroin 1.4d to tests by Thompson
(40, .1) showed that DOT applied as a drench Into the
furrow at planting time gave good control. DOT was re-
placed by chlord.ane in 15l and used until 153.
In 1953, a very heavy infestation of the onion maggot
occurred. All treatments tailed and onion losses ranged
from 50 to 100 percent. In 1954, DDT dusts ap1Ied in
the onion fields to kill the adults were found to give
satisfactory control. Growers dusted whenever they saw
onion flies in the field and. little dambge was experienced