The Ancient Stone Implements Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain by John Evans

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Title: The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments, of Great Britain
Second Edition, Revised
Author: John Evans
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The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Orna‐
ments, of Great Britain; Second Edition, Revised;
By Sir John Evans.

THE ANCIENT

STONE IMPLEMENTS,

WEAPONS AND ORNAMENTS,

OF

GREAT BRITAIN.

SECOND EDITION, REVISED.

BY

SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B.,

D.C.L., Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., ETC., ETC.
CORRESPONDANT DE L’INSTITUT DE FRANCE.

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

39, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

AND BOMBAY

1897

(All rights reserved.)

LONDON:

PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED.

CITY ROAD.

PREFACE

TO THE FIRST EDITION.

In presenting this work to the public I need say but little by way of preface. It is the result of
the occupation of what leisure hours I could spare, during the last few years, from various and
important business, and my object in undertaking it is explained in the Introduction.

What now remains for me to do is to express my thanks to those numerous friends who

have so kindly aided me during the progress of my work, both by placing specimens in their
collections at my disposal, and by examination of my proofs. Foremost among these must be
ranked the Rev. William Greenwell, F.S.A., from whose unrivalled collection of British
antiquities I have largely drawn, and from whose experience and knowledge I have received
much assistance in other ways.

To Mr. A. W. Franks, F.S.A.; Mr. J. W. Flower, F.G.S.; Mr. W. Pengelly, F.R.S.; Colonel

A. Lane Fox, F.S.A.; Mr. E. T. Stevens, of Salisbury; Messrs. Mortimer, of Fimber; Mr.
Joseph Anderson, the Curator of the Antiquarian Museum at Edinburgh; and to numerous
others whose names are mentioned in the following pages, my thanks must also be expressed.

The work itself will, I believe, be found to contain most of the information at present

available with regard to the class of antiquities of which it treats. The subject is one which
does not readily lend itself to lively description, and an accumulation of facts, such as is here
presented, is of necessity dull. I have, however, relegated to smaller type the bulk of the
descriptive details of little interest to the ordinary reader, who will probably find more than
enough of dry matter to content him if he confines himself to the larger type and an
examination of the illustrations.

Whatever may be the merits or defects of the book, there are two points on which I feel that

some credit may be claimed. The one is that the woodcuts—the great majority of which have
been specially engraved for this work by Mr. Swain, of Bouverie Street—give accurate
representations of the objects; the other is, that all the references have been carefully checked.

The Index is divided into two parts; the first showing the subjects discussed in the work, the

second the localities where the various antiquities have been found.

Now that so much more attention than formerly is being bestowed on this class of

antiquities, there will, no doubt, be numerous discoveries made, not only of forms with which
we are at present unacquainted, but also of circumstances calculated to throw light on the uses
to which stone implements and weapons were applied, and the degree of antiquity to be
assigned to the various forms.

I will only add that I shall gladly receive any communications relative to such discoveries.

JOHN EVANS.

Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, May, 1872.

{vi}

PREFACE

TO THE SECOND EDITION.

The undiminished interest taken by many archæologists in the subject to which this book
relates seems to justify me in again placing it before the public, though in an extended and
revised form. I am further warranted in so doing by the fact that the former edition, which
appeared in 1872, has now been long out of print.

In revising the work it appeared desirable to retain as much of the original text and

arrangement as possible, but having regard to the large amount of new matter that had to be
incorporated in it and to the necessity of keeping the bulk of the volume within moderate
bounds, some condensation seemed absolutely compulsory. This I have effected, partly by
omitting some of the detailed measurements of the specimens, and partly by printing a larger
proportion of the text in small type. I have also omitted several passages relating to
discoveries in the caverns of the South of France.

I have throughout preserved the original numbering of the Figures, so that references that

have already been made to them in other works will still hold good. The new cuts, upwards of
sixty in number, that have been added in this edition are distinguished by letters affixed to the
No. of the Figure immediately preceding them.

The additions to the text, especially in the portion relating to the Palæolithic Period, are

very extensive, and I hope that all the more important discoveries of stone antiquities made in
this country during the last quarter of a century are here duly recorded, and references given
to the works in which fuller details concerning them may be found. In some cases, owing to
the character of the objects discovered being insufficiently described, I have not thought it
necessary to cite them.

I am indebted to numerous collectors throughout the country for having called my attention

to specimens that they acquired, and for having, in many cases, sent them to me for
examination. I may take this opportunity of mentioning that while the whole of the objects
found by Canon Greenwell during his examination of British Barrows has been most liberally
presented to the nation, the remainder of his fine collection of stone antiquities, so frequently
referred to in these pages, has passed into the hands of Dr. W. Allen Sturge, of Nice.

The two Indices have been carefully compiled by my sister, Mrs. Hubbard, and are fuller

than those in the former edition. They will afford valuable assistance to any one who desires
to consult the book.

For the new woodcuts that I have had engraved I have been so fortunate as to secure the

services of Messrs. Swain, who so skilfully cut the blocks for the original work. I am indebted
for the loan of numerous other blocks to several learned Societies, and especially to the
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and to the Geological Society of London. Mr. Worthington
Smith has also most liberally placed a number of blocks at my disposal.

It remains for me to express my thanks to those who have greatly aided me in the

preparation of this edition, the whole of the proofs of which have been kindly read by Mr. C.
H. Read, F.S.A., of the British Museum, as well as by some members of my own family. Dr.

{viii}

Joseph Anderson, of the National Museum at Edinburgh, has been good enough to read the
parts relating to Scotland, while Professor Boyd Dawkins has gone over the chapter on Cave
Implements, and Mr. William Whitaker has corrected the account of the discoveries in the
River-drift. To each and all I am grateful, and as the result of their assistance I trust that,
though not immaculate, the book may prove to be fairly free from glaring errors and
inconsistencies.

JOHN EVANS.

Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, May, 1897.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.

The Iron, Bronze, and Stone Ages — Bronze in use before Iron — Persistence of Religious Rites — Use of Stone in Religious
Ceremonies — Stone Antiquities not all of the same Age — Order of Treatment . . . 1

CHAPTER II.

ON THE MANUFACTURE OF STONE IMPLEMENTS IN PREHISTORIC TIMES.

Pyrites and Flint used for striking Fire — Strike-a-light Flints — The Gun-flint Manufacture — Gun-flint Production — Modes of
producing Flakes — Pressigny Nuclei — Rough-hewing Stone-hatchets — Ancient Mining for Flint — Flint-mines at Grime’s Graves
and Spiennes — Production of Arrow-heads — Flaking Arrow-heads — Arrow-flakers — Grinding Stone Implements — Methods of
Sawing Stone — Methods of Boring Stone — Boring by means of a Tube — Progress in Modes of Manufacture . . . 14

IMPLEMENTS OF THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD.

CHAPTER III.

CELTS.

Belief in their Meteoric Origin — Regarded as Thunderbolts — Celt with Gnostic Inscriptions — Their Origin and Virtues — How
regarded by the Greeks and Romans . . . 55

CHAPTER IV.

CHIPPED OR ROUGH-HEWN CELTS.

The Kjökken-Mödding Type — Some possibly Agricultural Implements — Some carefully Chipped — The Common Forms — Their
abundance — Discoveries at Cissbury — Found in company with Polished Celts — Their probable Age . . . 67

CHAPTER V.

CELTS GROUND AT THE EDGE ONLY.

Pointed at the Butt-end — Of Elongated Form — Expanding at the Ends — Of Peculiar Forms — Their Occurrence in Foreign
Countries . . . 87

CHAPTER VI.
POLISHED CELTS.

A Type common in the Eastern Counties — With the Surface ground all over — Expanding at the Edge — Of other Materials than
Flint — The Thin and Highly-polished Type — With Flat Sides — With Flat Sides and Narrow Butt — With Flat Sides and Pointed
Butt — Of Rectangular Section — Chisel-like and of Rectangular Section — Of Oval Section — Of Oval Section with Conical Butt
— Of a Form common in France — Of Oval Section pointed at the Butt — With a Cutting Edge at each End — Sharp at both Ends
— Polished Celts narrowing in the Middle — Used in the Hand without Hafting — Polished Celts of Abnormal types — Polished Celts
with Depressions and Flutings — Circumstances under which they have been Found — Their Discovery with Objects of Later Date
— Their Range in Time — Accompanying Interments — Manner in which Hafted — In their original Handles — Inserted in Sockets in
the Hafts — Hafted with Intermediate Sockets — Compared with Axes of modern Savages — Mounted in Forked Hafts — Mounted
on Wooden Hafts — Compared with Adzes of modern Savages — Mounted in Withes and Cleft Sticks — Modern methods of
Hafting Axes . . . 98

CHAPTER VII.

PICKS, CHISELS, GOUGES, ETC.

Small Hand Chisels — Gouges rare in Britain — Bastard Gouges . . . 173

CHAPTER VIII.
PERFORATED AXES.

Sharp at both Ends — Expanding at one End — Pointed at one End — Adze-like in Character — Cutting at one End only — Used as
Battle-axes — Ornamented on the Faces — Large and Heavy — A Large Form common in the North — Fluted on the Faces —
Boring, the last Process — Axe-hammers hollowed on the Sides — Axe-hammers ornamented on the Faces — Frequently found in
Barrows — But little used by modern Savages . . . 183

CHAPTER IX.

PERFORATED AND GROOVED HAMMERS.

Of Peculiar Forms — Some of them Weapons, not Tools — Conical, Rounded at each End — Made from Pebbles with Natural
Holes — Of an Ornamented Character — Made from Quartzite Pebbles — Purposes to which Applied — Mauls for Mining
Purposes — Of Wide Range — Net-sinkers . . . 217

CHAPTER X.

HAMMER-STONES, ETC.

With Depressions on the Faces — With Cup-shaped Depressions — Ridged at the End — Made of Flint and Quartzite — Saddle-
querns — Pestles and Mortars — From Shetland and Orkney — Various forms of Mortars — Hand-mills or Querns . . . 238

CHAPTER XI.

GRINDING-STONES AND WHETSTONES.

Uses for Sharpening Celts — Found in Barrows — Found with Interments — Pebbles with Grooves in them . . . 261

CHAPTER XII.

FLINT FLAKES, CORES, ETC.

The Cone and Bulb of Percussion — Classification of Flakes — Polygonal Cores — Numerous in Ancient Settlements — Localities
where Abundant — Not Confined to the Stone Period — The Roman Tribulum — In other parts of the World — The Uses of Flakes
— Flakes ground at the Edge — Hafted Flakes — Flakes made into Saws — Serrated, as the Armature of Sickles . . . 272

CHAPTER XIII.

SCRAPERS.

Used in Dressing Hides — Horseshoe-shaped — Kite-shaped and Duck-bill-shaped — Some like Oyster Shells in Form — Double-
ended and Spoon-shaped — Found with Interments — Evidences of Wear upon them — Found with Pyrites — The Modern form of
Strike-a-light — Used with Pyrites for producing Fire — The Flat and Hollowed Forms . . . 298

CHAPTER XIV.

BORERS, AWLS, OR DRILLS.

Found in different Countries — Of Minute Dimensions . . . 321

CHAPTER XV.

TRIMMED FLAKES, KNIVES, ETC.

From different Countries — Some Trimmed Flakes, probably Knives — Knives from Barrows — Some possibly Lance-heads —
Knives with one Edge blunt — Of Oval Form — Sharpened by Grinding — Of Circular Form — Of Semicircular and Triangular Form
— The so-called “Picts’ Knives” — Like those of the Eskimos — Daggers or Lance-heads — With Notches at the Sides — Found in
other Countries — Curved and Crescent-shaped Blades — Curved Knives, probably Sickles — Ripple-marked Egyptian
Blades . . . 326

CHAPTER XVI.

JAVELIN AND ARROW HEADS.

Their earliest occurrence — Thought to fall from the Heavens — Superstitions attaching to them — Worn as Amulets — An Egyptian
Arrow — Javelin-heads — Leaf-shaped Arrow-heads — Leaf-shaped Arrow-heads pointed at both Ends — Lozenge-shaped
Arrow-heads — Stemmed-Arrow-heads — Stemmed and Barbed Arrow-heads — Unusual Forms — Found in Scotland —
Localities where found — The Triangular Form — Single-barbed Arrow-heads — The Chisel-ended Type — Found in Barrows —
Irish and French Types — From various Countries — African and Asiatic Types — South American Types — How attached to their
Shafts — Bows in Early Times . . . 360

CHAPTER XVII.

FABRICATORS, FLAKING TOOLS, ETC.

Their probable Uses — Used for working in Flint . . . 412

CHAPTER XVIII.

SLING-STONES AND BALLS.

Sling-stones Roughly Chipped from Flint — Ornamented Balls principally from Scotland — The use of “Bolas” . . . 417

CHAPTER XIX.

BRACERS, AND ARTICLES OF BONE.

Wrist-guards or Bracers of Stone — The use of Arm-guards — Bone Lance-heads and Pins — Needles of Bone — Hoes of Stag’s
Horn . . . 425

CHAPTER XX.

SPINDLE-WHORLS, DISCS, SLICKSTONES, WEIGHTS, AND CUPS.

Superstitions attaching to Whorls — Uses of Perforated Discs — Use of Slick-stones — Stones as Burnishers and Weights — Stone
Cups — Cups turned in a Lathe — Amber Cup — Vessels made of Stone . . . 436

CHAPTER XXI.

PERSONAL ORNAMENTS, AMULETS, ETC.

Buttons of Jet, Shale, and Stone — Buttons found in Barrows — Necklaces of Jet — Necklaces, Beads, Pendants, and Bracelets —
Rings of Stone — Pebbles found in Barrows — Lucky Stones and Amulets — Conclusions as to the Neolithic Period . . . 452

IMPLEMENTS OF THE PALÆOLITHIC PERIOD.

CHAPTER XXII.
CAVE IMPLEMENTS.

Compared with those from the River-drift — Formation of Caverns — Deposition of Stalagmite — Different Ages of Caverns —
Chronological Sequence of Caverns — Fauna of the Caves — Dean Buckland’s Researches — Kent’s Cavern, Torquay — Alteration
in Structure of Flint — Trimmed Flakes from Kent’s Cavern — Scrapers from Kent’s Cavern — Cores and Hammers from Kent’s
Cavern — Bone Harpoon-heads from Kent’s Cavern — Fauna of Kent’s Cavern — Animal Remains associated with Works of Art
— Correlation of Kent’s Cavern with Foreign Caves — Brixham Cave — Trimmed Flakes from the Brixham Cave — The Wookey
Hyæna Den — The Gower and other Welsh Caves — The Caves of Creswell Crags — General Considerations . . . 473

CHAPTER XXIII.

IMPLEMENTS OF THE RIVER-DRIFT PERIOD.

The Discoveries at Abbeville and Amiens — Discoveries on the Continent and in India — In the Valley of the Ouse — Biddenham,
Bedford — Hitchin, Herts — Valleys of the Cam and the Lark — Bury St. Edmunds — Icklingham — High Lodge, Mildenhall —
Redhill, Thetford — Santon Downham — Bromehill, Weeting — Gravel Hill, Brandon — Lakenheath — Shrub Hill, Feltwell —
Hoxne, Suffolk — Saltley, Warwickshire — Possibility of their occurrence in the North of England — Gray’s Inn Lane, London —
Highbury, London — Lower Clapton, Stoke Newington, &c. — Ealing and Acton — West Drayton, Burnham, Reading — Oxford

and its Neighbourhood — Peasemarsh, Godalming — Valleys of the Gade and Colne — Caddington — No Man’s Land,
Wheathampstead — Valley of the Lea — Valley of the Cray — Swanscomb and Milton Street — Ightham, Sevenoaks — Limpsfield,
Surrey — Valley of the Medway — Reculver — Thanington, Kent — Canterbury and Folkestone — Southampton — Hill Head,
Southampton Water — The Foreland, Isle of Wight — Bemerton, Salisbury — Fisherton and Milford Hill, Salisbury — Bournemouth
and Barton Cliff — Valley of the Axe . . . 526

CHAPTER XXIV.

FORMS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPLEMENTS FROM THE RIVER-DRIFT.

Flint Flakes — Trimmed Flakes — Pointed Implements — Sharp-rimmed Implements — Differ from those of Neolithic Age — Their
occurrence in other parts of the World — Found in Africa and Asia — Their probable Uses — The Civilization they betoken —
Characteristics of their Authenticity . . . 640

CHAPTER XXV.

ANTIQUITY OF THE RIVER-DRIFT.

Hypothetical case of River-action — Origin of River Systems — Amount of Solid Matter in Turbid Water — Nature of Flood-
deposits — Effects of Ground-Ice — Deposits left on the Slopes of Valleys during Excavation — Solvent power of Carbonic Acid —
The results of the Deepening of Valleys — Actual Phenomena compared with the Hypothetical — The Denudation of the Fen Country
— The Valley of the Waveney — The Valley of the Thames — Deposits in the South of England — Deposits near Salisbury — The
Origin of the Solent — Deposits at Bournemouth — Breach through the Chalk-range South of Bournemouth — The Question of
Climate — Evidence as to Climate — Association of Implements with a Quaternary Fauna — Scarcity of Human Bones in the River-
drift — Attempts to formulate Chronological Data — Data from Erosion — Conclusion . . . 662

* The cuts marked with an asterisk have been borrowed
from various sources, which are duly acknowledged in the
body of the book.

WOODCUT ILLUSTRATIONS.

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.

1. Egypt . . . 8
CHAPTER II.
ON THE MAN​U​FAC​TURE OF STONE IM​PLE​MENTS IN PRE​HIS​TOR​IC TIMES.

2. Flint Core with Flakes replaced upon it . . . 20
2A. Gun Flint, Avlona, Albania . . . 21
3. Nucleus—Pressigny . . . 29
4. — — . . . 30
5. — — . . . 30
6. Flake — . . . 31
7. — — . . . 31
8. Eskimo Arrow-flaker . . . 38
9.* — — — . . . 38
10. — — — . . . 38
CHAPTER III.
CELTS.

11.* Celt with Gnostic Inscription . . . 61
CHAPTER IV.
CHIPPED OR ROUGH-HEWN CELTS.

12. Near Mildenhall . . . 68
13. — — . . . 68
14. Near Thetford . . . 69
15. Oving, near Chichester . . . 70
16. Near Newhaven . . . 71
17. Near Dunstable . . . 72
18. Burwell Fen . . . 72
19. Mildenhall . . . 73
20. Bottisham Fen . . . 73
21. Near Bournemouth . . . 74
22. Thetford . . . 74
23. Reach Fen, Cambridge . . . 75
24. Scamridge, Yorkshire . . . 76
25.* Forest of Bere, near Horndean . . . 76
25A.* Isle of Wight . . . 77
26. Cissbury . . . 81
27. — . . . 81
28. — . . . 82
29. — . . . 82
CHAPTER V.
CELTS GROUND AT THE EDGE ONLY.

30. Downs near Eastbourne . . . 88
31. Culford, Suffolk . . . 88
32. Near Mildenhall, Suffolk . . . 88

33. Sawdon, North Yorkshire . . . 89
34. Weston, Norfolk . . . 90
35. Mildenhall . . . 91
35A. Reach Fen . . . 92
36. Burwell Fen . . . 93
37. Thetford . . . 93
38. Undley Common, Lakenheath . . . 94
38A. East Dean . . . 95
39. Ganton . . . 95
40. Swaffham Fen . . . 95
41. Grindale, Bridlington . . . 96
42. North Burton . . . 96
CHAPTER VI.
POLISHED CELTS.

43. Santon Downham, Suffolk . . . 99
44. Coton, Cambridge . . . 101
45. Reach Fen, Cambridge . . . 102
46. Great Bedwin, Wilts . . . 102
47. Burradon, Northumberland . . . 103
48. Coton, Cambridge . . . 104
49. Ponteland, Northumberland . . . 105
50. Fridaythorpe, Yorkshire . . . 105
51. Oulston . . . 106
52. Burwell Fen . . . 107
52A.* Berwickshire . . . 108
53. Botesdale, Suffolk . . . 111
54. Lackford, Suffolk . . . 112
55. Dalmeny, Linlithgow . . . 113
56. Sprouston, near Kelso . . . 114
57. Nunnington, Yorkshire . . . 115
58. Burradon, Northumberland . . . 116
59. Livermere, Suffolk . . . 116
60. Ilderton, Northumberland . . . 117
61. Near Pendle, Lancashire . . . 118
62. Ness . . . 119
63. Gilling . . . 120
64. Swinton, near Malton . . . 121
65. Scamridge Dykes, Yorkshire . . . 121
66. Whitwell, Yorkshire . . . 122
67. Thames, London . . . 123
68. Near Bridlington . . . 124
69. Lakenheath, Suffolk . . . 125
70. Seamer, Yorkshire . . . 126
71. Guernsey . . . 127
72. Wareham . . . 127
73. Forfarshire . . . 128
74. Bridlington . . . 129
75. Caithness . . . 129
76. Gilmerton, East Lothian . . . 131
77. Stirlingshire . . . 132

78. Harome . . . 133
79. Daviot, near Inverness . . . 134
80. Near Cottenham . . . 135
81. Near Malton . . . 135
82. Mennithorpe, Yorkshire . . . 136
83. Middleton Moor . . . 137
83A. Keystone . . . 137
84. Near Truro . . . 138
84A.* Slains . . . 138
85. Near Lerwick . . . 139
86. Weston, Norfolk . . . 139
87. Acklam Wold . . . 140
88. Fimber . . . 140
89. Duggleby . . . 141
90. Guernsey . . . 141
90A. Wereham . . . 142
91.* Solway Moss . . . 151
92. Cumberland . . . 153
93.* Monaghan . . . 154
94. Axe from the Rio Frio . . . 155
95.* War-axe—Gaveoë Indians, Brazil . . . 156
96. Axe of Montezuma II . . . 157
97. Axe—Nootka Sound . . . 158
98. Axe in Stag’s-horn Socket—Concise . . . 159
99. Axe—Robenhausen . . . 159
99A. Penhouet . . . 161
99B.* New Guinea . . . 161
99C.* — — Adze . . . 162
100. Axe—Robenhausen . . . 163
101. Schraplau . . . 163
102.* Adze—New Caledonia . . . 164
103.* Adze—Clalam Indians . . . 165
104.* South-Sea Island Axes . . . 166
105.* Axe—Northern Australia . . . 168
106.* Hatchet—Western Australia . . . 170
CHAPTER VII.
PICKS, CHISELS, GOUGES, ETC.

107. Great Easton . . . 173
108. Bury St. Edmunds . . . 174
109. Burwell . . . 175
110. Near Bridlington . . . 175
111. Dalton, Yorkshire . . . 176
112. Helperthorpe . . . 177
113. New Zealand Chisel . . . 178
114. Burwell . . . 179
114A. Westleton Walks . . . 179
115. Eastbourne . . . 180
116. Willerby Wold . . . 181
117. Bridlington . . . 181
CHAPTER VIII.

PERFORATED AXES.

118. Hunmanby . . . 185
119.* Hove . . . 186
120. Llanmadock . . . 188
121. Guernsey . . . 189
122. Fireburn Mill, Coldstream . . . 190
123. Burwell Fen . . . 191
124. Stourton . . . 192
125. Bardwell . . . 193
126. Potter Brompton Wold . . . 194
127. Rudstone . . . 195
128. Borrowash . . . 196
129.* Crichie, Aberdeenshire . . . 197
130. Walsgrave-upon-Sowe . . . 199
131. Wigton . . . 201
132. Wollaton Park . . . 203
133. Buckthorpe . . . 204
134. Aldro’ . . . 205
135. Cowlam . . . 206
136. Seghill . . . 207
136A.* Wick, Caithness . . . 208
137. Kirklington . . . 209
138.* Winterbourn Steepleton . . . 210
139. Skelton Moors . . . 211
140. Selwood Barrow . . . 211
140A.* Longniddry . . . 212
141. Upton Lovel . . . 213
142. Thames, London . . . 213
143. Pelynt, Cornwall . . . 214
CHAPTER IX.
PERFORATED AND GROOVED HAMMERS.

144. Balmaclellan . . . 219
145. Thames, London . . . 219
145A.* Kirkinner . . . 220
146. Scarborough . . . 221
147. Shetland . . . 221
148.* Caithness . . . 222
149. Leeds . . . 222
150. Rockland . . . 223
151. Heslerton Wold . . . 224
152. Birdoswald . . . 225
153. Maesmore, Corwen . . . 226
154. Normanton, Wilts . . . 227
155. Redgrave Park . . . 228
156. Redmore Fen . . . 228
157.* Stifford . . . 229
158. Sutton . . . 231
159.* Ambleside . . . 236
CHAPTER X.
HAMMER-STONES, ETC.

160. Helmsley . . . 239

160. Helmsley . . . 239
161. Winterbourn Bassett . . . 240
161A.* Goldenoch . . . 241
162. St. Botolph’s Priory . . . 242
163. Bridlington . . . 242
164. — . . . 243
165. — . . . 243
166. Scamridge . . . 246
167 & 168. Yorkshire Wolds . . . 248
168A.* Culbin Sands . . . 249
169. Bridlington . . . 249
170.* Holyhead . . . 251
171.* Ty Mawr . . . 253
172.* Holyhead . . . 254
173.* Pulborough . . . 254
174.* Shetland . . . 256
175.* — . . . 256
176.* — . . . 256
177.* — . . . 256
178.* — . . . 256
179.* — . . . 257
180.* Balmaclellan . . . 260
CHAPTER XI.
GRINDING-STONES AND WHETSTONES.

180A.* Lamberton Moor . . . 264
181. Dorchester . . . 265
182. Rudstone . . . 265
183. Fimber . . . 266
184. Cowlam . . . 267
185. Amesbury . . . 267
186.* Hove . . . 268
187.* Ty Mawr . . . 270
CHAPTER XII.
FLINT FLAKES, CORES, ETC.

188. Artificial Cone of Flint . . . 274
189. Weaverthorpe . . . 276
190. Newhaven . . . 278
191. Redhill, Reigate . . . 278
192. Icklingham . . . 278
193. Seaford . . . 278
194.* Tribulum from Aleppo . . . 285
195.* Admiralty Islands . . . 288
196. Charleston . . . 291
197. Nussdorf . . . 292
198. Australia . . . 293
199. Willerby Wold . . . 295
200. Yorkshire Wolds . . . 295
201. Scamridge . . . 296
202. West Cranmore . . . 296
CHAPTER XIII.
SCRAPERS.

203.* Eskimo Scraper . . . 298