Tension-type and Cervicogenic Headache: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management (Contemporary Issues in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Medicine) PDF
Preview Tension-type and Cervicogenic Headache: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management (Contemporary Issues in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Medicine)
CONTEMPORARY ISSUESI N PHYSICALT HERAPY AND REHABILITATIOMNE DICINES ERIES Thef irst textbocookv eripnhgy sitchaelr aapsyw elals p hysimceadli ciansep ecotfst hestew o highplrye valheenatd acdhies ordferrosbm o tah c liniacnadel v idence-bpaesresdp ective. ISBN13 978-0-7637-5283-5 ISBN10 0-7637-5283-5 90000 Tension-Type and Cervicogenic Headache Joneasn dB artlett's ContemporaIrsys ueisnP hysicThaelr apya nd RehabilitaMteidoinc iSneer ies SerieEsd itor PetAer.H UijbrePgTMt,Ss c,, MHOSPTc,,O CSM,T C,F AAMOPT,F CAMT Othebro oksi nt hes eries: OrthopeMdaincu aTlh eraDpiya gnosis Aadv and erE l WellneasnsdP hysicTahle rapy SharoFna ir Tension-Type and Cervicogenic Headache PathophysioDlioaggyn,o sainsd,M anagement Edited by Cesar Fernandez-de-las-Penas, PT, DO, PhD Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine, and Rehabilitation Esthesiology Laboratory Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Alcorcon, Madrid, Spain Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI) Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark Lars Arendt-Nielsen, DMSci, PhD Laboratory for Experimental Pain Research Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI) Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark Robert D. Gerwin, MD Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland President and Medical Director Pain and Rehabilitation Medicine Bethesda, Maryland JONESA ND BARTLETPTU BLISHERS SudbMuarsys,a chusetts BOSTON TORONTO LONDON SINGAPORE WorlHde adquarrers Joneasn dB arrlPeutbtl ishers Joneasn dB arrlPeutbtl ishers Joneasn dB anlePnu blishers 40Th olPli neD rive Canada Imernational SudburMyA. 01776 6339O rmindawlaey BarbH ouseB,a rbM ews 978· MississaOumgaar,l LoS VI J2 LondoWn6 7PA 443·5000 [email protected] Canada UniteKdi ngdom www.jbpub.com Joneasn dB artlebtoto'kSas n dp roducatrSea vailatbhlreo ugmho stb ookstoarnedso nlinbeo oksellTeorc so ntaJcotn easn dB anlell Publishdeirrse ctclayl8,l0 0-832-00f3a4x9. 7 8-443-80o0rv0 i,s oiutr w ebsitwew.w .jbpub_com. 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CovePrr intin:Mg alloIyn.c . LibraorfyC ongreCssa taloging-In-PubDlaitcaa tion Tension-atnydpc ee rvlcogheenaidca ch:pe athophysiodlioaggyn.o sainsdm, a nagemen/t [editbeydC le saFre rmtndez-de-\aLasr-sPA erTieansd.t -NIealnsdeR no,b erDt. G erwin. p.; cm. Includbeisb liograprheifcearle nacnedsi ndex. ISBN· 13:9 7B·0·7637·S283·5 ISBN· IO:0 ·7637·5283·5 I.T ensiohne adache2.. T ensiohne adache-Phytshiecraalp y3.. N eckp ain-Physical therapyI..F ernandez-de-IaCse-sPaern.Ia IsA..r endt-NieLalrsse.1n 9,5 8-IllG.e rwinR,o ben1.9 38- [DNLM: I.H eadache-physiopath2o.Hl eoagdya.c he-diagn3o.sH iesa.d ache-therapy. 4. Tension-THyepaed achWeL. 342T JI1260 101 RB128.T4582010 616.8'4914-dc22 2008043428 6048 PrintIendt heU niteSdt atoesfA merica 13 12 II 1009 109 8 76 5 4 3 2 Contents INTRODUCTBIYOTNH SEE RIEEDSI TO.R.. ........................................xi.ii .. FOREWORD xv ............................................................................ ACKNOWLEDGME.N.T.S. ............................xv.ii ............................... CONTRIBUTAIUNTGH OR.S.. ......................................................x.ix. . PARIT INTRODUCTION. ............................................I. .................. Chapter 1 Introduction ........... ., . .3. . . jeanS choenMeDn,,P hD Tension-Type Headache ......... .. ......................... .3 Cervicogenic Headache ... .. ........................4. ..... Chapter 2 Epidemiology of Tension-Type Headache, Migraine, and Cervicogenic Headache . . . . . . . . .. .7 LarBse ndtsMeDn,,P hD,a ndR igmojre nseMnD,, P hD Prevalence of Tension-Type Headache, Migraine, and Cervicogenic Headache. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... ... .. ... ... ... .. .7. .. Influence of Gender and Age. . . .. .9 Incidence of Tension-Type Headache and Migraine . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Disability Induced by Tension-Type Headache and Migraine ............... 9 Costs of Tension-Type Headache and Migraine ................ 10 Comorbidity .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 0. . . . . . . . . . Prognosis .. .. ....1 1 Summary .... .. ...........1.1. Chapter 3 Medical Approach to Headaches . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 1.. 5 . . . . . . . . MariLa. C uadraMdDo,,P hD,a ndjuaAn.P arejMaD,,P hD Case History .... .. .........,.. . ....1.6 Physical Examination ... .. ..............................1.9. ..... v viI C ontents Ancillary Studies ·. . 19 Synoptic Description of the Main Headache Disorders · . .2 0 PARITI P ATHOPHYISOLOGYO F TENSION-TYHPEEA DACHE 31 ................................ Chapter 4 Nature of Muscle Pain ·. 33 SiegJrMieendsee D.M s.P hD Peripheral Mechanisms ......... . · ..3 4 Central Mechanisms · .. 39 The Transition from Acute to Chronic Muscle Pain. .. .4 6 Mechanisms of Referral of Muscle Pain .........4.6. Conclusions . .47 Chapter 5 Pathophysiology of Referred Muscle Pain · .5 1 LarAsr endt-NiDeMlSsceinP..h D.a ndH ongY-ouG e.M D,P hD Referred Muscle Pain · 5. 1 Clinical Significance of Referred Muscle Pain .................... · ..5 2 Mechanisms of Referred Muscle Pain ............. . .53 Neurophysiologic Models for Referred Pain · .. 55 Summary and Perspective ... ·. 57 Chapter 6 Muscle Trigger Points in Tension-Type Headache . . ... . . .. .. . . 6.1 CesaFre rnddenz-de-elnaassP-,TP ,D O,P hD,D aviGd. S imonMsD.. RoberDt.G erwiMnD,. M ariLa. C uadraMdDo,.P hD,a nd JuanA .P arejMaD,,P hD Neurophysiologic Basis of Myofascial Trigger Points ........6.2 Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria of Muscle Trigger Points .......6 3 Etiology of Muscle Trigger Points . . . . . . . . . .. ...........6 6 Muscle Trigger Points in Tension-Type Headache.. . . .. . . .. . . .. 68 Summary ........7 3 Chapter 7 Suboccipital Muscle Contribution to Tension-Type Headache ..77 RichaCr.dH allgrPehnD,E EP.h DBMEa.n d CesaFre rndndez-Pdeen-alPsaT,s, D- O,P hD Functional and Anatomic Characteristics of the Cervical Spine .7 8 Role of Electromyography in Determining the Etiology of Muscle Atrophy ............. .... 79 Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Determining the Extent of Muscle Atrophy ............. ..... ..... . 8.0 Changes in Suboccipital Muscle Morphometry in Chronic Pain Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .8, 0 . . . . . . . . . . . Neurophysiologic Consequences of Muscle Atrophy .. .. .. 84 Anatomic Particularities of the Suboccipital Region ..... ....8 6 Clinical Relevance of Suboccipital Muscles in Tension-Type Headache and Cervicogenic Headache . . .8.6 Conclusions ... .87 Chapter 8 Forward Head Posture in Headaches ...... . ............ .......... 91 CesaFre rndndezs--dPee-nlPaaTs,D. O ,P hD,M ariLa. C uadraMdDo.,P hD, andJuaAn.P arejMaD,.P hD Clinical Assessment of Forward Head Posture · .92 Clinical Significance of Forward Head Posture · .93 Conclusions . .94 ConteInv tisi Chapter 9 Sensitization in Tension-Type Headache: A Pain Model ...........9 7 CesaFre rnandez-Pdeefi-alPsaT,s,D - O,P hD,L arAsr endt-NiDeMlSsceinP,,h D, DaviGd. S imonMsD,, M ariLa. C uadraMdDo,,P hD,a nd JuanA .P arejMaD,,P hD Peripheral and Central Sensitization in Tension-Type Headache . 98 Pain Models for Tension-Type Headache . .. .. ........1.0.0 PART IIIP ATHOPHYSIOLOGOYF CERVICOEGNICH EADACHE . .. . . ...1 07 .......... ....... ..... Chapter 10 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Trigeminocervical Complex . .. .. . . .. ... . . . . .................1 09 Petje.rG oadsbPy.h D.M D,a ndT horstBeanr tsMcDh . Clinical Observations ........................................... 109 Evidence from the Laboratory ...1 10 Central Mechanisms of Pain Processing: Central Sensitization and Descending Inhibition ............................ 112 Central Pain Modulation .. 113 Conclusions .. · .1 13 Chapter 11 Cervicogenic Headache: Consideration of Pathogenesis ... 171 FabioA ntonaMcDi,.P hD Role of the SUucture in Spinal Cord in Cervicogenic Headache ·. 117 Clinical Studies ................ . 120 Conclusions .. · .1 21 Chapter 12M otor Control Impairment in Cervicogenic Headache ....... ........ 1.32 DeboraFha llPaT.P, h D Motor Impairment in Cervicogenic Headache . ...... .............1 24 Differential Diagnosis of Headache Based on Musculoskeletal Impairments · .1 27 Conclusions ......... . ·. . 128 PART IV PHYSICALE XAMINATIOONF PATIETNSW ITH HEADACHE . . ......... 131 ... ... ... . . . . . . Chapter 13 Clinical Reasoning in the Diagnosis: History Taking in Patients with Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ... . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .1 33 PeteAr.H UijbrePgT,t MsS.c M.H ScD.P T,o es. MTC.F AAOMPTF,CA MT Role of History Taking in the Clinical Examination ·. . 133 Demographies ............. · .. 136 Location of Pain. .. ..................................1.3.8. ..... Onset and Course of Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 1. 3 .8 . . . . Character and Intensity of Headache. ................. . ·. . 140 Aggravating and Easing Factors ........ . ..141 Neurologic Symptoms .............................1.4.2. ... Otolaryngologic Symptoms ...1 44 Systemic Symptoms ...................................1.4.4. ..... Medical History .......... . · .. 145 Medication History .. ........1.4.5 Family History. .. .. .........1.4 6 Previous Diagnostic Tests ..............1.4.6 Prognostic Indicators ........ . .. ...........1.4.6 Systems Review .................1.4.7. Clinical Prediction Rules for Diagnosis. ......1.4 8 viii I Contents Outcome Measures ............ .. ..1 48 Red Flags. .. .........1.4.9 Conclusions and Implications of History Findings ...........1.49. Acknowledgments .... · .1 50 Chapter 14 Cervical Spine Assessment in Patients with Headache. . .........1.5.3 PietWeers terhPuTi.Os M.T .S VOMP Planning of the Physical Examination · .154 Inspection ... 155 Functional Demonstration · .1 55 Active Movements .. ·. . 156 "If Necessary" Tests. .. ..1 59 Neurologic Examination ............ .1 60 Neurodynamic Tests Involving the Cervical Spine Region . .. ........1.6 0 Passive Physiologic Intervertebral Movements ... ..160 Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements ... .. ... 162 Motor Control Impairment Tests · .1 65 Screening Tests for Other Regions: The Cervicothoracic Region .... 165 Analysis of the Findings .. .. ................ ... .. 168 Case Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 68 Chapter 15 Thoracic Spine Assessment in Patients with Headache ......... 171 BilElg anP.T .D PT.O CS,F AAOMPT.jColsehl aPnTd.D, P TP.h D,O CS, FAAOMPT. andP auGll ynPnT,.D P T.O CS,F AAOMPT Examination of the Thoracic Spine ................... .... ... .. ... . 172 Motion Impairment-Based Diagnosis Derived from Physical Examination ................ . ...1 79 Conclusions ........ .. ..1 80 Chapter 16 Manual Identification of Trigger Points in the Muscles Associated with Headache . . . .. . .. . . .. ... . .. . . . .... . ..1 83 CesaFrer ndndez-de-laPsT-.DP Oe.Pf hiDa,Hs o,n g-YGoeu.M D ,P hD,a nd janD ommerhoPlTt.M, P S Reliability of Muscle Trigger Point Examination. . . .. ....1.8 4 Manual Exploration of Muscle Trigger Points Related to Headaches. ..... .. 186 Conclusions . .. ............1.9.3 Chapter 17 Clinical Examination of the Orof acial Region in Patients with Headache . . . .. . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.95. . . . Antodne W ijeRrP,T S.C SM,T .P hD,a ndM icheHl.S teenDkDsS,, P hD Temporomandibular Disorders and Cervical Spine Disorders ·. 197 Evidence-Based Practice .................1.9.8. . Physical Examination ·. . 199 Case Report ........... . ·. .2 06 PARTV NEUROPHYSIOLOGIECF FCETSO F SOMEP HYSICATLH ERAPYI NTERVNETIONS 211 ....... Chapter 18 Neurophysiologic Effects of Spinal Manipulation .. ... 213 BilVli cenziPnTo.P, h D,T ina SouPvTl.Pi hsD,,a ndM ichele StPeTr.Pl hiDn g, A Proposed Physiologic Mechanism for Spinal Manipulation .. ........2 14 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . ... ... .. ..............2.1.8. .
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