Temporary Shelters and Surrounding Communities: Livelihood Opportunities, the Labour Market, Social Welfare and Social Security PDF
Preview Temporary Shelters and Surrounding Communities: Livelihood Opportunities, the Labour Market, Social Welfare and Social Security
SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENVIRONMENT, SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE MIGRATION STUDIES 15 Yongyuth Chalamwong Naruemon Thabchumpon Supang Chantavanich Editors Temporary Shelters and Surrounding Communities Livelihood Opportunities, the Labour Market, Social Welfare and Social Security SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace Migration Studies Volume 15 Series editor Hans Günter Brauch For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/11825 http://www.afes-press-books.de/html/SpringerBriefs_ESDP_MiS.htm Yongyuth Chalamwong Naruemon Thabchumpon Supang Chantavanich Editors Temporary Shelters and Surrounding Communities Livelihood Opportunities, the Labour Market, Social Welfare and Social Security 123 Editors YongyuthChalamwong SupangChantavanich Thailand DevelopmentResearch Institute Asian Research Center forMigration Bangkok ChulalongkornUniversity Thailand Bangkok Thailand NaruemonThabchumpon ChulalongkornUniversity Bangkok Thailand ISSN 2193-3162 ISSN 2193-3170 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-02788-3 ISBN 978-3-319-02789-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02789-0 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013951798 (cid:2)TheAuthor(s)2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Other Books by the Asian Research Center for Migration Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand in this Book Series Published by Springer Suwattana Thadaniti and Supang Chantavanich (Eds.): The Impact of Displaced People’sTemporarySheltersontheirSurroundingEnvironment.SpringerBriefsin Environment, Security, Development and Peace, vol. 16—Migration Studies Subseries No. 3 (Cham–Heidelberg–Dordrecht–London–New York: Springer- Verlag, 2014). Premjai Vungsiriphisal, Dares Chusri and Supang Chantavanich (Eds.): Human- itarianAssistanceforDisplacedPersonsfromMyanmar—RoyalThaiGovernment Policy and Donor, INGO/NGO and UN Agency Delivery. SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace, vol. 17—Migration Studies Subseries No. 4 (Cham–Heidelberg–Dordrecht–London–New York: Springer- Verlag, 2014). Ben Harkins and Supang Chantavanich (Eds.) in cooperation with Nawita Direkwut and Aungkana Kamonpetch: Resettlement of Displaced Persons on the Thai-Myanmar Border. SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace, vol. 18—Migration Studies Subseries No. 5 (Cham–Heidelberg– Dordrecht–London–New York: Springer-Verlag, 2014). v Acknowledgments PartIofthisbook,coveringlivelihoodopportunitiesandthelabourmarketforthe Burmese displaced persons in Thailand, was prepared by Associate Professor YongyuthChalamwongandhisresearchteamofThailandDevelopmentResearch Institute. We would like to thank the following: those who agreed to be inter- viewed and share their insights and experiences; the Royal Thai Government for contributions by its representatives; the Asian Research Center for Migration at ChulalongkornUniversity,specificallyDr.SupangChantavanichandherstaff,for their contributions; the EU and EC’s Humanitarian Aid Office for the research funding, to staff at UNDP and UN inter-agencies for their contributions; and the othersixresearchteamsfortheircooperationandcontribution.Wehopethisstudy will improve the livelihood opportunities of displaced persons in temporary shelters. TheresearchteamthatwrotePartII,focusingonsocialwelfareandsecurityin the settlements, would like to extend its deep gratitude to all key informants who generouslysacrificedtheirtimeandenergyandprovidedinformationcriticaltothis research. We would also like to thank: the staff of NGOs and community-based organisationsfortheircollaboration,notablyAideMedicaleInternationale,Karen RefugeeCommitteeEducation Entity, International Rescue Committee,and ZOA Refugee Care. In addition, we are grateful for the cooperation of the Royal Thai Government, including the Ministries of Interior, Education, Public Health, and Justice. We also acknowledge the support of the Asian Research Center for MigrationandCenterforSocialDevelopmentStudiesatChulalongkornUniversity, and Panisara Meepien of the Thailand Development Research Institute. TheCo-editorswouldliketothanktheLanguageEditorGrahamBennett,thebook series and Copy Editor PD Dr. Hans Günter Brauch, to Dr. Johanna Schwarz, Ms. Agata Oelschlaeger, Ms. Janet Sterritt of Springer’s editorial office in Heidelberg,GermanyandtoSpringer’sbookproductionteaminChennaiinIndia. Last butnot least, this research would not have been possible without the kind cooperation of the displaced persons who welcomed us into their communities, schools,hospitals,andwarehouses.Theyeagerlysharedtheirsincerethoughtsand experiences in the hope that this study will bring positive improvements to their lives in Thailand. We aimed to give voice to the displaced persons and local stakeholders; we truly hope the findings will lead to long-term, sustainable solu- tions for the displaced persons along the Thai–Myanmar border who have been vii viii Acknowledgments courageously living in limbo for so long. The lack of legal and political rights of displaced persons should not hinder them from social rights and equal access to social welfare and protection. We draw inspiration from Hannah Arendt (The Perplexities of the Rights of Man: The Portable Hannah Arendt, 2000): Not the loss of specific rights, then, but the loss of a community willing and able to guaranteeanyrightswhatsoever,hasbeenthecalamitywhichhasbefallenever-increasing numbersofpeople…Onlythelossofapolityitselfexpelshimfromhumanity. Andfrom Michael Ignatieff (The Need of Strangers, 1984): Thereisnosuchthingasloveofthehumanrace,onlytheloveofthispersonorthat,in thistimeandnotinanyother…Theproblemisnottodefenduniversality,buttogivethese abstractindividualsthechancetobecomereal,historicalindividualsagain,withthesocial relationsandthepowertoprotectthemselves…Thepeoplewhohavenohomelandmust be given ones; they cannot depend on the uncertain and fitful protection of a world consciencedefendingthemasexamplesoftheuniversalabstractMan. August 2013 Yongyuth Chalamwong Naruemon Thabchumpon Supang Chantavanich Contents Part I Livelihood Opportunities and the Labour Market in the Temporary Shelters and Surrounding Communities 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Yongyuth Chalamwong, Sasithorn Archapiraj, Songwut Promjene and Panisara Meepien 2 Research Methodology and Profile of the Shelters. . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Yongyuth Chalamwong, Sasithorn Archapiraj, Songwut Promjene and Panisara Meepien 3 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Yongyuth Chalamwong, Sasithorn Archapiraj, Songwut Promjene and Panisara Meepien 4 Thai Labour Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Yongyuth Chalamwong, Sasithorn Archapiraj, Songwut Promjene and Panisara Meepien 5 Survey Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Yongyuth Chalamwong, Sasithorn Archapiraj, Songwut Promjene and Panisara Meepien 6 Conclusion and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Yongyuth Chalamwong, Sasithorn Archapiraj, Songwut Promjene and Panisara Meepien Part II Social Welfare and Social Security 7 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Naruemon Thabchumpon, Bea Moraras, Jiraporn Laocharoenwong and Wannaprapa Karom ix x Contents 8 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Naruemon Thabchumpon, Bea Moraras, Jiraporn Laocharoenwong and Wannaprapa Karom 9 Current Situation of Social Welfare and Social Security . . . . . . . 71 Naruemon Thabchumpon, Bea Moraras, Jiraporn Laocharoenwong and Wannaprapa Karom 10 Potential Access to Thai Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Naruemon Thabchumpon, Bea Moraras, Jiraporn Laocharoenwong and Wannaprapa Karom 11 Conclusion and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Naruemon Thabchumpon, Bea Moraras, Jiraporn Laocharoenwong and Wannaprapa Karom Appendix A: Training Programmes Provided in the Shelters . . . . . . . 171 Appendix B: Thai Labour Market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Appendix C: Aliens Working Act, B.E. 2521 (1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Appendix D: Immigration Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Appendix E: List of Key Informants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Appendix F: Budget Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Chulalongkorn University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 The Institute of Asian Studies (IAS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Asian Research Center for Migration (ARCM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 About the Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 About this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Abbreviations ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AIGPP Agricultural Income Generation Pilot Project AMI Aide Medicale Internationale ARC American Refugee Committee CAN Community Agriculture and Nutrition (implemented by TBBC) CBO Community-Based Organisation CCEE Camp Committee Education Entity CCSDPT Committee for Coordination of Services to Displaced Persons in Thailand CEAB Community Elder’s Advisory Board COERR Catholic Organisation for Emergency Relief and Refugees DFID Department for International Development (UK) DKBA Democratic Karen Buddhist Army DPs Displaced Persons ECHO European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office EFA Education for All EU European Union EVI Extremely Vulnerable Individuals HIS Health Information System HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IGP Income Generation Project IHE Institute of Higher Education INEE Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies IPD In-Patient Department IRC International Rescue Committee JRS Jesuit Refugee Service KED Karen Education Department KG Kindergarten KnED Karenni Education Department KNLA Karen National Liberation Army xi
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