Taxonomy of Angiosperm And Biodiversity

276 Pages·2017·5.37 MB·English

BSCBO- 201

B.Sc. II YEAR
Taxonomy of Angiosperm
And
Biodiversity

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
SCHOOL OF SCIENCES
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201

BSCBO-201

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
SCHOOL OF SCIENCES
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY

Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123
Toll free No. 18001804025
Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected]
htpp://uou.ac.in

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201
Expert Committee
Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar
Retired Principal Principal
Government PG College Government PG College
Karnprayag Augustmuni

Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal
Department of Botany School of Health Science
DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University
Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani

Dr. Pooja Juyal
Department of Botany
School of Sciences
Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani

Board of Studies
Late Prof. S. C. Tewari Prof. Uma Palni
Department of Botany Department of Botany
HNB Garhwal University, Retired, DSB Campus,
Srinagar Kumoun University, Nainital

Dr. R.S. Rawal Dr. H.C. Joshi
Scientist, GB Pant National Institute of Department of Environmental Science
Himalayan Environment & Sustainable School of Sciences
Development, Almora Uttarakhand Open University,
Haldwani
Dr. Pooja Juyal
Department of Botany
School of Sciences
Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani

Programme Coordinator
Dr. Pooja Juyal
Department of Botany
School of Sciences
Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201
Unit Written By: Unit No.
1. Dr. Lalit Tewari 1, 2, 3 & 4
Professor
Department of Botany
DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital

2. Dr. Shalini Rawat 5, 6, 7 & 8
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany,
Government Post Graduate College,
New Tehri

3. Dr. Shreekar Pant 9, 10, 11 & 12
Senior Assistant Professor
Centre for Biodiversity Studies,
BGSB University, Rajouri,
Jammu & Kashmir

Course Editor
Prof. G.S. Rajwar
Principal
Government Degree College
Narendra Nagar, Tehri

Title : Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biodiversity
ISBN No. : 978-93-90845-30-9
Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University
Edition : 2021

Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201
CONTENTS

BLOCK-1ANGIOSPERMS: GENERAL CONSIDERATION PAGE NO.

Unit-1- Historical background and Evolution of classification of Angiosperms 6-37

Unit-2- Basic principles, Plant nomenclature and ICBN 38-59

Unit-3- Tools and techniques in collection and Preservation of specimens 60-77

Unit-4- Botanical Gardens and Herbaria 78-107

BLOCK-2 FAMILIES PAGE NO.

Unit-5- Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Rutaceae 109-131

Unit-6- Rosaceae, Fabaceae and Asclepiadaceae 132-159

Unit-7- Solanaceae, Acanthaceae and Lamiaceae 160-182

Unit-8- Orchidaceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae 183-204

BLOCK-3 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION PAGE NO.

Unit-9- Biodiversity- Basic concepts 206-229

Unit-10-Biodiversity Conservation - In situ and Ex situ, Gene bank, NBPGR 230-248

Unit-11-Biodiversity –Hotspots and Megabiodiversity countries 249-261

Unit-12- Floristic diversity of India and Endemism 262-277

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201

BLOCK-1 ANGIOSPERMS: GENERAL
CONSIDERATION

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201
UNIT-1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND
EVOLUTION OF CLASSIFICATION OF
ANGIOSPERMS

1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 History
1.4 Fundamental components of Taxonomy
1.5 Aims of Taxonomy
1.6 Bentham and Hooker‘s System
1.7 Engler and Prantl System
1.8 Hutchinson‘s Classification
1.9 Summary
1.10 Glossary
1.11 Self Assessment Questions
1.12 References
1.13 Suggested Readings
1.14 Terminal Questions

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201
1.1 OBJECTIVES
The main goal of this chapter is to broaden your understanding about the following issues:-
 Definition of classification
 History of classification
 Aims of Taxonomy
 Bentham and Hooker‘s system
 Hutchinson‘s system of classification
1.2 INTRODUCTION
Plant taxonomy is one of the earliest disciplines of Botany. It was started as ―Folk Taxonomy‖
th
in early 15 century but it has grown and gone very long way in the last 500 years. The concept
and scope of Taxonomy has changed a lot. Though the flora of the earth was invented in the last
three centuries yet the modern taxonomists are facing challenges. The tropical countries with
rich flora are under threat. So far 4,000,000 plant species are identified of which 2, 86,000 are
of angiosperms. Among the identified plants about seventy percent belong to tropical regions.
In the modern times people are running for the applied sciences as cytology, genetics,
experimental biology, ecology, molecular biology etc. but a few people are thinking of the basic
or fundamental branches of botany like Taxonomy and Morphology. It has become an old
fashion. No applied branch can be approached without the proper identification of the plant
material on which he/she is working and for this taxonomists are very much needed.
With the increased need for conservation of biological resources, the need for biodiversity
assessment during the last few years has increased. The trend has, however, reversed and
taxonomic studies are being encouraged throughout the world.
Simpson (1961) suggested that systematics included identification, taxonomy,
classification and nomenclature and used as the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of
organism and of any and all relationship between them. de Candolle (1813) first coined the term
taxonomy.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants in distinct
category following a system of nomenclature and in accordance with a particular and well
established plan. The basic unit of classification is species which are grouped into genus and
further grouped into family suborder, order, subclass, classes and divisions.
The beginning of the classification of organism took place at remote times by the non
civilized people for their usage and in their own language, with the development of language the
distinction between carnivores, herbivores, poisonous plants, edible plants etc. became clear.
They feel the necessity of different plants and animals for their use. They selected certain plants
and animals for festivals. In this way, the classification in crude sense got the foothold in the

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201
society. Folk systematics is gaining popularity among the pre civilized men. They recognized
groups of plants on the basis of gross morphology. This is the beginning of the artificial system
of classification. Their ways of classification are rooted in their practical considerations. The
history of classification starts from the time of the earliest Indian Philosophers like Charak,
Sushruta, early Greek philosophers like Aristotle, Plato, Pliny and others also tried to classify
plants from their own viewpoint which invariably were more philosophical in nature than
scientific. The various classifications of plants proposed so far, belong to either of the three
categories:
(a) Artificial: System classifies plants with the help of one or few characters, primarily with a
intention of easy identification of the organism e.g. Banhin, Tournefort, John Ray, Carl
Linnaeus.
(b) Natural: System is mainly based on from relationship realizing all informations available
at that time. e.g., de Candolle, Robert Brown, de Lamarck, Bentham and Hooker‘s
classification.
(c) Phylogenetic: System tries to classify plants based on their genetic relationships and
according to their evolutionary sequences. e.g., Eichler, Hutchinsm, Bessey.
C. Jeffrey (1982) presented that the system of classification can be divided into four main types:
(a) Artificial: Habit based classification made upto 1830.
(b) Pre evolutionary Natural Systems: Overall similarly between plants were much more
natural e.g., Bentham & Hooker, A. P. de Candolle, de Jussieu.
(c) Phylogenetic Systems: Natural grouping as a result of decent or common character are
related to each other through a common ancestry, e.g., Eichler, Engler.
(d) Phenetic System: Maximal generalizations of the totality of the features of all phenotypes
e.g. Hutchinson.
1.3 HISTORY
History of taxonomy begins with the categorization of useful plants of folk taxonomy. People
differentiated them as economic plants. This paved the way for herbal taxonomy. The history
can be studied in different phases as follows:
I. Initial Stage
 Theophrastus (370-285 BC) a Greek Naturalist also known as Father of Botany published
―Enquiry into Plants‖. He proposed Crataegus, Daucus (daukan), Asparagus (aspargos) and
Narcissus etc. in his work. He classified plants on habit base as herbs, undershrubs, shrubs,
trees. He gives the name and description to 500 plants in Historia Plantarum oldest
botanical work in existence. He pointed out the differences between dicots and monocots.
 Pliny (23-29) AD wrote multivoluminous Natural History of which 37 volumes are present.

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 8
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS AND BIODIVERSITY BSCBO-201
 Pedanion Dioscorides (62 - 128 AD), a physician of Asia minor described 600 medicinal
plants. His book was named Materia Medica in Greek.
 Andrea Caesalpino (1519 - 1603 AD) a Italian physician wrote De Plantis (1583), 1500
plants were described, Woody / herbaceous.
 Gaspard Bauhin (1560 - 1624 AD) Collected the plants from Italy, France, Switzerland,
Books are Prodromus Theati Botanici (1620), Penax Theati Botanici (1623). He first
attempted to use binomial system of nomenclature.
 John Ray (1628 - 1705 AD). British Botanist published 3 volumes Historia Plantarum
(1686 - 1704). He is the first who divided the herbs / trees and divided monocotyledons and
dicotyledous on the basis of one and two cotyledons.
 J. P. de Tournefort (1656 - 1708) described trees and herbs and considered corolla.
 The first herbarium was established in 1553 in Padua (ITALY)
 In the middle of 17th century, herbaria were established in different parts of the world.
 Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778), a Swedish Naturalist also known as father of modern
botany / taxonomy. He published Genera Plantarum (1737), Classes Plantarum (1738),
Philosophia Botanica (1751), Species Plantarum (1753). 7300 species were described and
arranged on sexual system. It was an artificial system based on few characters. He
introduced Binomial system eg., Rhododendron arboreum. 24 classes of Linnaeus are (1)
Monandria (one Stamen) (2) Diandria (2 stamen) ........ (24) Cryptogamia (No flower).
 In initial stage taxonomy was merely started for exploration and naming of species.
II. Natural System Stage
 Antoine L de Jussieu (1686 - 1758) published Genera Plantarum and classified plants into
15 classes.
 Augustin Pyrame de Candolle (1778 - 1841), a French botanist published Theorie
elementaire de la botanique in 1813 and developed morphological approach to
classification. He classified plants as Vasculares and Cellulares, Monumental works -
Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. A. P. de Candolle could not complete
his work and later his son Alphonse de Candolle completed the work.
 Charles Darwin (1859) published Origin of Species, where he suggested the principle of
natural selection and evolutions of species.
 Bentham and Hooker (1800 - 1884) published Genera Plantarum (1862 - 1883) gave
practical use of classification ―ever since been as inspiration to generations of the Kew
Botanists‖.
III. Phylogenetic Stage

UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 9