Systematic notes on Oleandra

9 Pages·1997·3.6 MB·English

by  R Tryon

RHODORA,
Vol. 99, No. 900, 335-343, 1997
pp.
SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON
OLEANDRA
ROLLA TRYON
Depart
FL
A
abstract.
classification of the American species of the tropical fern
genus Oleandra
is presented along with a review of previous work on the
genus. This treatment contrasts with earlier work by reduction of a number
of taxa that have been based on variable The American
species. species are
reduced
to four; those that occur in Africa, Asia, and Pacific islands are also
briefly noted.
Key
Words:
tropical, Oleandraceae, Oleandra, fern
Oleandra one of the most distinctive of fern genera although
is
taxonomic Hooker 45B)
its position uncertain. (1840 regard-
is
t.
ed
as "a highly and very genus"; somewhat
beautiful natural
it
"The
later Greville (1848) reported genus Oleandra of Ca-
that
vanilles ... is one of the most natural in habit of the families of
ferns, and not less beautiful than well defined." The most dis-
on meager
tinctive features, although reported material,
initially
still characterize the genus. These are long, branched roots or
rhizophores lamina borne
(Figure a simple, entire (Figure 2)
1),
on
an and stem some
articulate petiole, peltate scales. In addition,
species have a shrubby growth habit and, with the possible ex-
ception of O. vulpina C. Chr., species have indusiate son.
all
Much
Ogura an anatomical and morpho-
later, (1938) stated, in
logical study, that ". the genus Oleandra stands far remote
. .
from may
other ferns and be in an isolated phyletic position."
Christensen (1938) recognized distinctiveness by placing the
this
genus own
in subfamily of the Polypodiaceae. Pichi-Sermolli
its
own
(1965) treated the genus in family related to elements in
its
the Davalliaceae and perhaps also to the Aspidiaceae (Dryopter-
idaceae).
In contrast, many authors have commented on the need for a
Kramer
clear For example, (1990) has
definition of the species.
"Many and mod-
stated appearance, a
that species are similar in
ern monograph required." Palacios-Rios (1995) has noted, "El
is
genero un monografico ya que han sido descritas
necesita estudio
muy
muchas and Smith
especies basandose pocos ejamplares,"
y
335
Rhodora
336 99
[Vol.
3
4 5
Figures 1-6. Morphological Long or
characters of Oleandra. roots
1.
& X
rhizophores, O. articulata, Venezuela, Maguire 27755 (mo), 2.
Politi Vi.
Small & X
lamina, O. articulata, Venezuela, Maguire 27755 (mo),
Politi Vi.
Stem with & 44519
3. patent scales, O. articulata, Bolivia, Gentry Solomon
Werff
Werff
Rivero 7849 X Long
(mo), phyllopodia
1 Vi. 6. (3 to right
;
Lehmannii, Colombia, Betancur X
O. 881
et (mo),
al.
1 Vz.
—
Tryon
1997] Systematic Notes on Oleandra
337
New
The
World
modern
Thet
Maxon
as others, have attempted work toward
to a
realistic classification
of
the species, but generally have been hampered by
a lack of a
complete monographic
They
hoped
treatment.
likely that future
would
collections taxonomy was How-
verify the that provided.
taxonomic
Rios
em
characters
concern
Which
are
Some
authors have on
distinguished taxa variable characters.
Maxon
few
specimens for his study of American Oleandra and his treat-
ment
provided no guidance concerning the variability of charac-
The
ters. studies of Pichi-Sermolli based on African ma-
(1965),
many
herbaria
lamina
and
the indusium, as well as characters of the costa scales, are
variable.
Field studies are needed in order to understand the stability and
variability of characters within populations, and also the stage of
development which herbarium material should be col-
useful
at
lected. Such studies may provide evidence for recognition of ad-
ditional
taxa.
number
Here based
American have been reduced
the species in
on am-
the comments previous treatments, and on the basis of
in
by
ple collections. Types have been seen are indicated affir-
that
Amer-
mation The taxonomy occur beyond the
of species that
(!).
lean
tropics has not been evaluated.
Oleandra Type and
1799. sole
Cav., Anal. Nat. 115.
Hist.
1:
by Swartz
Oleandra Cav. corrected
species: neriformis
name from
The valid the
(1806) species
to neriiformis. is
Greuter
publication 1799 (Tokyo Code, Art. 42.1 in et al.
in
1994).
338 Rhodora
99
[Vol.
Neuronia Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal. 6. 1825. Type and sole species: Neu-
roma
Don.
asplenioides
Ophiopteris Reinw., Nov. Type and
Syll. PI. 2: 3. 1825. sole species:
Ophiopteris verticillata Reinw. The journal, published by the Soc.
was
Ratisbona, also cited as Regensburg Bot. Zeit. or other varia-
tions of the The few pages of volume two were published
title. first
late in 1825 or early in 1826, rather than 1828 as indicated on the
cover.
Aspidium subgenus Oleandra
(Cav.) Splitg., Tijds. Nat. Gesch. 7:
411. 1848.
AMERICAN
SPECIES
Epiphytic; stem
flexible, twining, with or without a whitish
1.
many
deposit, usually bearing scales with the portion be-
yond
the point of attachment patent or nearly so (Figure
phyllopodium below 6-30
3); (petiole the joint) usually
mm
long
(2)
Stem
brown,
2. lacking a whitish deposit; the scales usually
concealing the stem; widespread America
in tropical
O. articulata
1
.
Stem,
2. at least partially, with a whitish deposit; scales usu-
ally sparse; Costa Rica Bradei
O.
2.
Terrestrial or epiphytic; stem and
1. rigid, usually erect, rarely
some
with many
whitish
deposit, bearing scales that are
and
fully closely appressed (Figure phyllopodia absent
4);
mm
or to 30 long
(3)
mm
most
All or phyllopodia on stem 1-5
3. a long (Figure
or absent; Costa Rica and Panama,
5), Trinidad, the
Guianas, west Colombia and and
to south to Bolivia in
Amazonian
Brazil pilosa
O.
3.
mm
All or most phyllopodia on stem 6-30
3. a long (Figure
Guatemala,
6); Haiti, Venezuela and Colombia, south
Peru
to Lehmannii
4. O.
Oleandra
articulata (Sw.)
1. Presl, Tent. Pterid. 78. 1836.
Aspidium
articulatum Sw.,
Jour. Bot. (Schrader) 1800 30. 1801, not
(2):
Willd. 1810. Holotype: Martinique, Plumier, Foug. Amer.
Traite
136.
t.
Lam
Vahl
(designated here): Montserrat, Ryan photo
(c, a).
Willd
same
vith the type.
Belan. Vov.. Bot. 264
—
Tryon Systematic Notes on Oleandra 339
1997]
Oleandra nodosa nom. Aspidium
Presl, Tent. Pterid. 78. 1836, nov. for
nodosum Willd. and with the same type.
Oleandra hirta Brack., U. S. Explor. Exped. (Wilkes) 16: 214. 29.
t.
1854. Holotype: brazil. Organ mountains, Rio de Janeiro (Gua-
nabara), U. S. Explor. Exped. 2 (us!; isotype: k, photo gh).
Oleandra neriiformis var. hirta (Brack.) Baker, Fl. Brasil. (2): 495.
1
1870.
Oleandra nodosa var. Magalhaesii Christ, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 2: 236.
1902, as Magalhaesi. Holotype: brazil. Serra do Itatiaia, Magal-
Gomes
haes
2259, (Herb. Christ,
p).
Holo-
Oleandra Baetae Damazio, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 892. 1906.
II,
type: brazil. Serra do Frasao, Minas Geraes, A. Baeta (em).
Oleandra articulata eglandulosa Domin, Pterid. Dominica 233. 1929.
f.
Holotype: Dominica, Eggers 1036 [paratypes: Dominica,
(k). all
Imray Eggers 756 Nichols 253
(k), (k), (k)].
Oleandra zapatana LelL Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 89: 719, 3. 1977.
f.
&
Types: Colombia. Choco, Lellinger de la Sota 300 (holotype:
Colombia, Choco,
us!, photo gh; isotypes: col, lp). [paratype:
&
Lellinger de Sota 195 (us!; isoparatype: lp)].
la
Maxon
Morton
and use
Joncheere agree with the original typification
(1969).
I
West and
the basionym of Swartz for the species of the Indies
elsewhere America.
in tropical
In the West Indies this species is rather uniform with a long
narrow
lamina
The
Dudley
as in 13243, gh.
The
stem
was on holotype.
character not evident the
omer
trom CUDa ana ox uic v^icaici
ira articulata ranges
from southern
Trinidad;
throueh Lesser Antilles to
the
Mexico
Guianas west Colombia and south to Bolivia; also Brazil, es-
to
pecially the southeast.
Geneve
231.
Bull. Soc. Bot. II, 1:
Christ,
17,
Holotype III,
The
Christ,
P).
cited.
964
Herb. Boiss. 4:
Bull. II,
Christ,
Talamanca
Haut Uren,
Holotype: costa rica.
1904.
(Herb. Christ,
p).
340 Rhodora
99
[Vol.
The
type of Oleandra Bradei from
cited the original publi-
is
Scamman
used which
cation. (1961) the type of the variety, Christ
The
also cited with the species. white deposit on the stem, em-
Maxon
by was
phasized mentioned
(1914), not in the description
of the
variety.
Oleandra Bradei may
confined Costa be
to Rica; well a
is
it
variant of O. articulata. There seems to be reason for
little its
recognition as a species. frequently collected and the nu-
It is
may
merous
specimens overemphasize
significance.
its
Oleandra
pilosa Hook., Gen. 45B and Ho-
3. 1840.
Fil. text.
t.
lotype: British guiana (guayana). Schomburgk
Berbice,
416
(k, photo gh; isotype:
l).
Aspidium pendulum
Splitg., Tijds. Nat. Gesch. 7:412. 1840, not Raddi,
Lectotype
1819. (designated Surinam.
here): Berlijn plantation,
Para, Splitgerber photo gh; isolectotype:
(l,
k).
Oleandra micans Kunze
Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 346. 1851. Lectotype
9:
(designated "ad
here): Mission. Tocache, Huallaga Pe-
superior,
flor.
ruvian Sterile lectum Jul. Aug. 1830, (Diar. 1958)" (from Kunze
1834), Herb. Poeppig, Kunze, destroyed
at lz.
Oleandra
Columb. Holotype:
trujillesis Karst., Fl. 147, 73. 1861.
1:
t.
Venezuela. Near
Escuque,
Karsten.
Oleandra
neriiformis var. pilosa (Hook.) Baker, Fl. Brasil. (2): 494.
1
1870.
Oleandra decurrens Maxon,
Contrib. U. Herb. 396. 1914.
S. Natl. 17:
Holotype: costa
rica. El General, 10649
Pittier (us!).
Oleandra panamensis Maxon,
Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 17: 396. 1914.
Holotype: Panama.
5322
Chiriqui, Pittier
(us!).
Oleandra Maxon,
trinitensis Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 17: 397. 1914.
Holotype:
Trinidad, Fendler 114 photo
(us!; isotype: us!, gh!, k,
Trinidad
type: gh!, photo
k, gh)].
Oleandra dura Maxon,
Amer.
Fern Holotype: Col-
35: 21. 1945.
J.
ombia. Haught
Santander, 1329
(us!; isotype: gh!, k, photo gh).
The
and no
other type has been Metten-
located.
name
and
supplied Lechler
a description for
fatanara, Peru. In Herb. Mett. there a
(b!) is
pencil tracing of the
sterile lectotype.
and
Rica
Guianas
Amazonian
Brazil
Lehmannii Maxon
—
Tryon
1997] Systematic Notes on Oleandra 341
i
AmalfL Lehman
isotype: photo
k, gh).
Oleandra guatemalensis Maxon, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 17: 395.
&
1914. Holotype: Guatemala. Alta Verapaz, Maxon Ha\ 3333
(us!).
Oleandra Maxon,
costaricensis Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb. 17: 397.
1914. Holotype: costa La Palma, Tonduz 12551
rica. (us!).
Oleandra Urbanii Brause, Ark. Bot. 17: 68. 1921. Holotype: Haiti,
Ekman
547
(b).
Oleandra Club
duidae A. C. Sm., Bull. Torrey Bot. 58: 301. 1931.
Holotype: Venezuela. Mount Duida, Tate 580 (ny).
&
Oleandra trinitensis var. subcostaricensis Stisseng. Losch, Mitt. Bot.
Munchen Holotype: costa
Staatssamml. 23. 1950. rica. Tur-
1:
Kupper 1613
rialba, (m).
Oleandra Archeri Maxon, Amer. Fern 24: 74. 1934. Holotype: Col-
J.
ombia. Choco, Archer 1669
(us!).
names
Oleandra Lehmannii over other available be-
selected
is
cause used most The type of the briefly described var.
often.
it is
subcostaricensis has not been seen; placed here solely be-
is
it
Novem-
cause of Oleandra Urbanii was published in
the epithet.
*
volume dated 1922.
ber, 1921, although cover of the
the is
The from Guatemala Panama and from Ven-
species ranges to
ezuela to Colombia, south to Peru, and in Haiti.
AFRICAN SPECIES
Sermolli
a and ad
my
perhaps lead us in
material than have had disposal will
at
I
<
future to a re-arran
These Olean-
time being recognize the following species." are:
I
(West
— — —- v ^ v v m 'm m ^ ^ ^ » V r ^^ *—^ ^^ ^^ ^— -^^- — — — — ~ ^ *-
Adams madagas-
(Ghana), O.
ical and South Africa), O. ejurana
(Baker) Pichi-
carica Bonap. (Madagascar), and O. Welwitschii
pub-
originally
Sermolli Congo, not Welwitzchii as
(Angola,
by
Ample recognized Pichi-Ser-
lished). material of the species
molli
taxonomic
Welw
Zambia, has treated O.
variety
342 Rhodora
99
[Vol.
AND
ASIAN
PACIFIC SPECIES
There 40
are perhaps species currently recognized in this vast
A
region. satisfactory classification of the species not possible
is
more
until extensive collections are examined and types have
been
studied. In several studies of Chinese species about ten spe-
cies are recognized. Only two are treated in the work on Java by
Posthumus
(1937). In treatment seven reduced Olean-
this are to
dra neriiformis Cav. and four Nine
to 0. musifolia (Bl.) Presl.
them
species, six of endemics, by Copeland
are treated in his
work on
the Philippine ferns (1958). Seven species are included
three
demic
Smith
nom.
nud.
as often indicated) has stems creeping; O. pistillaris
(Sw.) C. Chr. has stems and
rigid, erect shrublike; O. Wallichii
(Hook.)
Presl has patent stem Cav.
scales; in O. neriiformis the
scales are fully appressed and sori are arranged in two rows close
to the costa; 0. Sibbaldii Grev. has sori more or less scattered.
Among New
Guinea
the species O. Werneri Ros. recognized
is
by
its dimorphic leaves, and O. vulpina C. Chr. by the exindusiate
condition,
if this is truly so.
LITERATURE
CITED
Christensen,
C. 1938. 522-550. Manual
Filicinae, pp. In: Verdoorn, ed.,
F.
The
eland, New
E. B. 1940. Oleandrid
ferns (Davalliaceae) of Guinea. Phi-
345-346.
lipp. Sci. 73:
J.
1958. Fern Flora of
the Philippines 180-184. Bureau of Printing,
. 1:
Manila.
F
uter, W., R. Barrie, H. M. Burdet, W. G. Chaloner, Demoulin, D.
V.
Hawksworth,
M.
L.
P. J0rgensen, D. H. Nicolson, C. Silva, Tre-
P. P.
and
hane, McNeill.
1994. Code Nomencla-
J. International of Botanical
(Tokyo
ture Code). Koeltz
Scientific Books, Konigstein, Germany.
Two
and
Hooker, W.
1840
(1838-1842). Genera
J. Filicum. H. G. Bohn. London.
Joncheere,
G. The
de. 1969.
J. typification of Oleandra articulata (Filic).
Taxon
538-541.
18:
Kornas, J. 1977. The pteridophyta new to Gambia, Bull. Acad. Polon.
II.
623-625.
Sci., Ser. Sci. Biol. 24:
Kramer
The
—
Tryon
1997] Systematic Notes on Oleandra
343
Families and
nosoerms.
Sr
amicarum
collectaru
233.
Maxon,
W.
R. 1914. Studies of tropical American ferns, no. The American
5.
species of Oleandra. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 17: 392-398.
Mettenius,
G.
1856. Filices Lechlerianae Chilenses ac Peruanae.
21. L.
1:
Voss,
Lipsiae.
The
Oleandra. Amer. Fern 105-107.
58:
J.
Ogura,
Anatomy
Y. 1938. and morphology of Oleandra
Wallichii. Jap.
J.
Bot. 193-211.
9:
Palacios-Rios, M.
1995. Oleandra Cav., 289-290. G. Davidse, M.
pp. In:
i
Knapp
Psi-
1:
lotaceae a Salviniaceae. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, D.F. [with Missouri Botanical Garden and
The
Museum,
Natural History London]
Pichi-Sermolli, R. E. G. 1965. Adumbratio florae Aethiopicae, 11. Olean-
Webbia
draceae. 745-769.
20:
Posthumus,
O. 1937. Malayan Fern Studies, Verhandl. Kon. Akad. Wet.
I.
Amsterdam
Afd. Natuurk. 36 1-67.
sect. 2, (5):
Rhodora
340.
Steyermark
Berry, and B. K. Hoist, gen. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Vol.
eds.,
—
2: Pteridophvtes, Spermatophvtes, Acanthaceae Araceae. Timber Press,
Botanical
Earum
im
Academici,
Kiliae