Synthetic Molecular Sequences in Materials Science PDF
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NIMS Monographs Kentaro Tashiro Synthetic Molecular Sequences in Materials Science NIMS Monographs Series Editor Naoki OHASHI, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Editorial Board Mikiko TANIFUJI, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan Takahito OHMURA, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Yoshitaka TATEYAMA, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Takashi TANIGUCHI, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Kazuya TERABE, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Masanobu NAITO, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Nobutaka HANAGATA, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Kenjiro MIYANO, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan NIMS publishes specialized books in English covering from principle, theory and all recent application examples as NIMS Monographs series. 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NIMhtStp: ://www.nims.go.jp/ eng/index.html Kentaro Tashiro Synthetic Molecular Sequences in Materials Science Kentaro Tashiro International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan ISSN 2197-8891 ISSN 2197-9502 (electronic) NIMS Monographs ISBN 978-4-431-56932-9 ISBN 978-4-431-56933-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56933-6 © National Institute for Materials Science, Japan 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the National Institute for Materials Science, Japan (NIMS), whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms, or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of applicable copyright laws and applicable treaties, and permission for use must always be obtained from NIMS. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective copyright laws and treaties. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. NIMS and the publisher make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Shiroyama Trust Tower, 4-3-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105- 6005, Japan Preface This monograph aims to provide a concise explanation on a newly emerging area of materials science based on synthetic compounds and their assemblies that possess a precisely determined sequence in their structure. After completing a book chapter entitled “Sequence Control of π-Electron Systems” in 2015, the author was annually invited by Springer to write another book. Considering also the presence of a scheme to promote the publication of a monograph in National Institute for Materials Science, the author decided to prepare a text that highlights a gradually spreading but still less popular concept of Synthetic Molecular Sequences in Materials Science . As exemplified by the research works selected in this monograph, researchers in diverse research fields have been independently pursuing the same direction based on a wide range of compounds at the same era. This would be an indication of growing interests in the remaining “terra incognita” in materials science; hence, the author believes that the publication of this monograph will be timely. It should also be mentioned that although there are excellent books and reviews focusing on sequence-regulated polymers, this monograph is expected to become a novel attempt to discuss the single common concept by the merge of the research works in that area with those in other research areas where sequence-regulated discrete systems have been targeted. It would bring great pleasure to the author if this monograph can contribute to the development of any scientific fields related to sequences. Tsukuba, Japan Kentaro Tashiro November 2021 v Contents 1 Introduction to the Science of Molecular Sequence.s............... 1 1.1 Molecular Sequences in Nature: The Strategy of Nature to Bring Diversity in Substances....................................... 1 1.2 Molecular Sequences in Synthetic Materials: A Less Conscious Point of View in Materials Scienc.e............................ 3 Reference ....................................................... 5 2 Synthetic Strategies of Molecular Sequences Linked with Static Bonds .......................................................... 7 2.1 Binary Component Systems................................... 8 2.1.1 Block Sequences...................................... 8 2.1.2 Alternating Sequences ................................. 10 2.1.3 Flexibly Designable Sequences......................... 12 2.2 More-Than-Three Component Systems......................... 14 2.2.1 Periodic Sequences.................................... 14 2.2.2 Flexibly Designable Discrete Sequences.................. 17 2.2.3 Flexibly Designable Polymer Sequences.................. 21 References ...................................................... 28 3 Synthetic Strategies of Molecular Sequences Linked with Dynamic Bonds .......................................................... 31 3.1 Binary Component Systems................................... 32 3.1.1 Coexisting Homosequences ............................ 32 3.1.2 Block Sequences...................................... 34 3.1.3 Alternating Sequences ................................. 36 3.2 More-Than-Three Component Systems......................... 43 3.2.1 Discrete Sequences.................................... 45 3.2.2 Polymer Sequences.................................... 47 References ...................................................... 50 vii viii Contents 4 Outcomes from Synthetic Molecular Sequences in Materials Science ......................................................... 53 4.1 Discrete Sequences .......................................... 53 4.2 Coexisting Homosequences................................... 54 4.3 Block Sequences ............................................ 58 4.4 Alternating Sequences ....................................... 61 4.5 Networked Sequences........................................ 62 References ...................................................... 64 5 Future Perspectives: Sequence-Based Point of View in Materials Science ......................................................... 67 References ...................................................... 68 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Science of Molecular Sequences The concept of “molecular sequences” initially appeared in the field of molecular biology [1],1 where their representative examples can be found in the primary struc- tures of several biopolymers, e.g., peptides/proteins (1), DNA/RNA (2), and polysac- charides (3), which are composed of amino acids, nucleosides, and monosaccharides, respectively (Fig. 1.1). While each of their sequences serves quite different biolog- ical roles, all of them share common structural features: (1) they are composed of monomeric units with a limited number of variations, and (2) these units are arrayed to form perfectly regulated, specific sequences that are either periodic or non-periodic. The understanding on the fact that nature prefers such molecularly sequenced struc- tures to maintain the activity of living species later inspired researchers out of the field of molecular biology to adopt this concept as the guiding principle for designing novel synthetic compounds. Consequently, the type of molecular sequence has been expanded from purely natural compounds to their synthetic analogues and even compounds far from those existing in nature, which allows researchers to find an increasing number of potential applications of this type of structure, such as informa- tion storage, sensors, medicine, nanostructure formations, control of phase behavior, energy conversions, and catalyst design. 1.1 Molecular Sequences in Nature: The Strategy of Nature to Bring Diversity in Substances It is intriguing that substances having the structural features of molecular sequences are ubiquitous in nature, which makes a good contrast with the general cases of synthetic compounds. An advantage of this molecular design strategy chosen by nature, from the synthetic point of view, is that it allows the creation of structures of great diversity from a small variety of particular building blocks, which can be 1 One of the earliest usages of the term “molecular sequence” in the manuscript title ever confirmed. © National Institute for Materials Science, Japan 2023 1 K. Tashiro, Synthetic Molecular Sequences in Materials Science, NIMS Monographs, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56933-6_1 2 1 IntroductiontotheScienceofMolecularSequences O O O O O O P O O P O O P O O P O O O O H O H O H O O O O O N N N NH O NH O OHNH O SH NN NN N N O N NHO NN NNH NH2 OH H2N NH2 O O 1 2 HO OH HO OH O O HO O O HO AcHN HO OH OH HOOC OH HO O O O O O AcHN HO HO OH HO OR 3 Fig. 1.1 Examples of molecular structures of peptide (1), DNA (2), and polysaccharide (3) overall more energy-saving as well as cost-effective and hence self-sustainable than conventional approaches to the preparation of synthetic compounds, which often require quite different starting materials for each target. On the other hand, since it is apparently not a target-oriented design strategy, generally, a library of products should necessarily be subjected to selection processes to reach the best-fit form among the candidates for a particular demand (Scheme 1.1), as exemplified in the on-going emergence of the more virulent mutants of the virus causing COVID-19 originating from the change of amino-acid sequences in its spike proteins. In the following step, the optimized sequence needs to be reproduced selectively, which is achieved via the sophisticatedly organized synthetic systems in nature (Scheme 1.2). Scheme 1.1 Schematic representation of production processes for natural molecular sequences
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