Synopsis of biological data on the Tor Mahseer : Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822)

44 Pages·2003·1.9 MB·English

by  Desai, V. R

ISSN0014*5602
FAOFisheriesSynopsisNo.158
SYNOPSISOFBIOLOGICALDATA
ONTHETORMAHSEER
Tortor(Hamilton,1822)
FAOFisheriesSynopsisNo.158 FIR/SI58
S/NOPSISOFBIOLOGICALDATA
ONTHETORMAHSEER
Tortor(Hamilton,1822)
Preparedby
V.R.Desai
CentralInlandCaptureFisheriesResearchInstitute
IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch
Barrackpore:WestBengal
India
iiiiiiiiiinimnniiiiiiiiiiiimv ' i ' iiinn iiii'mmiiiiiiiiiiim
FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS
Rome,2003
Copyrightedmaterial
Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterial
oinpitnhiisoninwfhoartmsatoieovnerproondutchtedpoarntotofimtphleyFtohoedexapnrdesAsgiroincuolftaunrye
OdregvaenliozpamteinotnsotfattuhseofUnaintyedcouNnattriyo,nstercrointcoreyr,nciintgyotrhearleeagaolroorf
iotrsbaouuthnodrairtiieess.,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiers
ISBN92-5-104933-5
AawpIoipilrenuinnrlrftfftobmohoovhyrirorrioismrmmduegsaaaie-htitttztdmoswiiieantroooidhilrnnnswetehtipDstposiotereruovrhonolciuvdodsdorepuuuipcdeboctc.yernettrma,iaiiRfsnfFdgoseyofAdrhsrupOrptlirelrre,©oodyiesnfduosVsaaucraioeoclacafwd.kelttronettiiioroohootrdgenwntteaolhlecltleenaoehdonpCpegThryderiereroedircmdtfg.iomi.hhsmseeRPtssmruedieehbpinomrolrnoiClcioandnsifdreaharaurticlocscinoam.tgomplinmltuAMoaehrpano,perpnflco0ocaisif0omcgea1paamsely0ttarm0eitpiisreoeugRinrpnrhaoisrpttlamooflSehhsoeii,oreirnblnsvsiIditttutaechhacerreliihd,esyss
©FAO2003
Copyrightedmaterial
FIR/SI58Tortor iii
PREPARATIONOFTHISSYNOPSIS
foodTahnedpgraemseentfidshocofumInednita.wasincludedintheFAOSpeciesSeriesinviewoftheimportanceofTortorasa
sourcTehsi.sTphaepesryniospbsiassewdasonprdeaptaarecodlbleycttheedabuythtohrewaiutthhtohreaansdsiosntainncfeoorfmaNt.ioPn.cShormipvialsetdavfaroamndvaKr.ioMuasnjohtiheorf
theReservoirFisheriesResearchCentreoftheCentralInlandCaptureFisheriesResearchInstitute.
Hoshangabad(MadhyaPradesh),India.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
doCS.peoJpn.otthrriIKtasualanrtmIiaantsmlhykcai.onhgfdhIalwnwCyridalilaptiintnbniduege,rtbefhattiFiehslideisSnhtygteonhrioetninphemsesOiyRFfsfeodaisoucnetdedyarar-rifnIcendhIa-cfCIAhonhgrisargntrieiggctteuua,ttlneotuNi(arnCacetIrkeCOrmnFnraoRagwIdta)ilano,eindzTBaaaglapteratiruiotadnhciuekneoipvfntoactrleohu.efea(IbCUaWlIneemCisFtgtaReuldIBis,eodNnaaggHnrtaoaciltseo)enhfrsfaueolnrcfgoteproaievtrbgemhiaiedvdtiDftniirg(rnoMegmmacemtdSoehhrtryhiota.eof
Pradesh)whilecarryingoultheworkonbiologicalstudiesonTortor(Hamilton,1822)fromNarmadaRiver.
sasStupnabedfmcfiilotaafttleiNrgnargiranttmcihalteduuadSd-eeydTniaosipnpdtstuihieissUtnoasiynmtndyoftposrasokihinsen,lCgpchicoananngrsdtemriotaefuktcaienonsrcttorhDleelesespmcaotaiiniodannenpandancrhedtiswoafinsttathalhfyefFsAfpiouOsrb.lotifhTcehdaiitrasitroaewno.mirnaIkrta,khmaeubtafililleeislzohdeedtalhfnpaodnriknlmffauyiblnoaPrtlhaott.tyoDhpr.eiyn.teghnetasinirdse
ProjectManager:M.Lamboeuf,J.Lleonart(FAO,Rome)andP.Oliver(IEO,PalmadeMallorca).
TechnicalEditor:T.Petr,ToowoombaOLD4350,Australia.
ScientificReviser:N.DeAngelis(FAO,Rome).
ScientificIllustrator:E.D’Antoni(FAO.Rome).
PageComposition:G.SciarappaDemuroandM.Kautenberger-Longo(FAO,Rome).
CoverIllustration:E.D'Antoni(FAO,Rome).
Oesai,V.R.
SynopsisofbiologicaldataonthetormahseerTortor(Hamilton,1822).
FAOFisheriesSynopsis.No.158.Rome,FAO.2003.36p.
ABSTRACT
tAgbheameemonNenagsfrtiImosnhcadkodiefaadnInRwmdiiaivthaehsraetfhietinersrscfe,TinsoTthrro.arplHumotIwainehtdivosaree.are,Ir(tHhtTahaomesirlbtatuoloirsnlo,(diHs1naeg8mt2ito2llf)te.dodnaIi,tnmc1sso8no2asm2tc)eirtoiuIsstnstedhsiceaeanmrntorasoeiutsnteisrrmitvpvoaeoinrrrdstsianhwngahtsifficcoshrohedehraaaytnveidedn
reservoirsthathavedestroyedthenaturalbreedinggroundsofthefishandcausedmortalityof
broodandjuvenilefishindiscriminately.ThemahseerfisheryofIndiaisfurtherdecliningasa
erTseossruelnmttaiohaflsletooewrrrecseotclorlrueeictttmheeedntffirosofhmetrdhyi.efTffehirsihes.ntsSystnoooucprksciienssg.irsTitvheheresdcaeotnmapdiillreaedtsiebroivnooloiofrgisbciwaoliltoihgnifmcoaarlhmsdaatetieoarnfioosrntThToeorrretfotoorrr-.e
uisnecfluuldiinngptlhaennfienegditnhgehdaebivtesl,obprmeeendtinofgtahnedmgarhoswetehrpfaitstheerrnysicnoInntdaiia.nedinthissynopsis,willbe
Distribution:
Authors
FAOFisheriesOfficers
RegionalFisheriesCouncilsandCommissions
SelectorSC
Copyrightedmaterial
FIR/S158Tortor
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
1..U1DEMTN1oTmeYnclature... _ „ ... ..11
1.1.1Scientificname .1
1.1.2Synonyms 1
1.1.3Etymologyandcommonnames 1
1.2 Taxonomy 1
1.2.1Definition 1
1.2.2Authorofgenericname 2
1.2.3Description 2
1.2.4Generalvariability(speciesandsubspecies) 3
1.2.5KeytotheIndianandSriLankanspeciesofgenusTor 4
1.3 Morphology 4
1.3.1Externalmorphology 4
1.3.2Pharyngealteeth 5
1.3.3Hvoobranchlalskeleton 6
1.3.4Adrenalaland 6
2-DISTRIBUTION 6
2.1 Totalarea a
2_2 Dilferentialclislrihulinn Z
2.2.1Spawn,larvaearidjuveniles 7
2.2.2Adults. Z
2.3 Determinantsofdistribution 8
2.4 Hybridization 8
2.4.1Hybrids 8
2.4.2Naturalhybridization* 8
3.BIONOMICSANDLIFEHISTORY _ 8
3.1 Reproduction 8
3.1.1Sexuality 8
3.1.2Maturity 9
3.1.3Mating 9
3.1.4Fertilization 9
3.1.5Gonads........... __ 9
3.1.6Spawning 11
3.1.7Spawn 12
3.2 Pre-adultphase 13
3.2.1Embryonicphase 13
3.2.2Larvalphase 13
3.2.3Adolescentphase 14
3.3 Adultphase(maturefish) 16
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Vi FIR/S158Torlor
3.3.1Longevity. 16
3.3.2Hardiness 16
3.3.3Competitors 16
33.4Predators lfi
3.3.5Parasites,diseases,injuriesandabnormalities 16
3.4 Nutritionandgrowth 17
3.4.1Feeding(lime,place,manner,season) 17
349Fnnri 12
3.4.3Growthrate 13
3.4.4Metabolism' 21
3.5 Behaviour 21
3.5.1Migrationandlocalmovements 21
3.5.2Schooling 21
3.5.3Responsetostimuli* 21
4.POPULATION(STOCK) 21
4.1 Structure 21
4-1.1.Sex-ratio 2.1
4.1.2Agecomposition 22
4.1.3Sizecomposition 22
4.2 Abundanceanddensity(olpopulation)* 23
4.3 Natalityandrecruitment 23
4.3.1Reproductionrates* 23
4.3.2Factorsaffectingreproduction' 23
4.3.3Recruilmenl 23
4.4 Mortalityandmorbidity 23
4.4.1Mortalityrates 23
4.4.2Factorscausingoratfectinqmortality 23
4.4.3Factorsattectinqmorbidity* 23
4.4.4Relationofmorbiditytomortalityrates' 23
4.5 Dynamicsofpopulation 23
4.6 Thepopulationinthecommunityandecosystem 24
5.EXPLOITATION 24
5.1 Fishingequipment 24
5.1.1Gear 24
5.1.2Boats 25
5.2 Fishingareas 26
5.2.1Generalgeographicaldistribution 26
5.2.2Geographicalrange 26
5.2.3Depthrange 26
5.3 Fishingseasons 26
5.3.1Generalpatternoffishingseason 26
5.3.2Datesofbeginning,peakandendofseason 26
5.3.3Variationsindatesordurationoffishingseason 26
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FIR/SIS8Tnrtor vii
5.4 F5.i4shingoperationsandresults 26
5.4.21Effortsandintensity 26
Selectivity 26
54.3Catches 26
6.PROTECTIONANDMANAGEMENT 27
6.1 Regulatory(legislative)measures 27
6.1.1Limitationorreductionoftotalcatch" 27
6.1.2Protectionofportionsofpopulation 27
6.2 Controloralterationofphysicalfeaturesoftheenvironment 27
6.2.1Regulationofflow" 27
6.2.2Controlofwaterlevels' 27
6.2.3Controloferosionandsilting’ 27
6.2.4Fishwaysatartificialandnaturalobstructions 27
6.2.5Fishscreens* 28
6.2.6Improvementofspawninggrounds 28
6.2.7Habitatimprovement 28
6.3 Controloralterationofchemicalfeaturesoftheenvironment' 28
6.4 Controloralterationofbiologicalfeaturesoftheenvironment 28
6.4.1Controlofaquaticvegetation 28
6.4.2Introductionoffishfoods(plants,invertebrates,foragefishes) 28
6.4.3Controlofparasitesanddiseases 28
6.4.4Controlofpredationandcompetition 28
6.4.5Populationmanipulation" 29
6.5 Artificialstocking 29
6.5.1Maintenancestocking 29
6.5.2Transplantation;introduction 29
7.PONDFISHCULTURE 29
7.1 Procurementofstocks 29
7.2 Geneticselectionofstocks' 29
7.3 Spawning(artificial,induced,natural) 29
7.4 Hybridization 30
7.5 Holdingofstock 30
7.6 Pondmanagement(fertilization,aquaticplantcontrol,etc.) 30
7.7 Cageculture 30
7.8 Foodandfeeding 30
7.9 Diseaseandparasitecontrol 30
7.10Harvest' 30
7.11Transport 30
8.REFERENCES 31
* Informationnotavailable
Copyrightedmaterial
,
FIR/SI58Tortor 1
TsCIPhhoaNaikuniitTalshTR.atehnarOeTdnnD.haegAnUsNedCigenaMepTu,anasIlulafsOyrTsaNooiimnrna,dclAinufcBdgathehhluselateneTadianoss,rtt’,amlnaaioshnrsdiwn(eaiHeltdarshme'oeislppitrwrnoeeenssI)atend,ndatinatiid,onn 111999445119SSBBpToopaaocc.rrr..1bb,,t5uuo440ssr11-,t1(,Mo5Tppir1o..srm75r)o81as48,t,,aorlR.pp.eiic..HH.1o&o,rr2IaI,a,nI3,,dJfiJt.i.aegxBnsBt.ooMfm1miu-gbbs.5a.a(,yyAnns5aas7tta..m(HH1)ii-ss4tt)..,
fngpnMiaiocagrnrDhtmettiohei1cne.nou1graltanhalnrendalraytd(unb1srdy9pfee4otc8eahoi)anedesdnpsta.eefhroirorspnMahwlat,eheItndsooadfeiifnteniadhs.rdheestTttHahihhaiemelromayetm.lhaeawaiseyrrlaelsn(p1okff8rona9tootv7ihn)owigunllraasennaodddsf 11997648aP(TT1rnoo)adrr:dJtte.IoosnrrIhdnM,oSder-.pniG.Fvoa5iann7ssg,,hte.aftAiviSga.occ,hc3e.pF7clikIaslniihdnsiestas,fooifpfs.th4eEh6sea,sHtiSepmrlan.lUaPtyutabanr
1. IDENTITY 19797T5o(r31).t1:o.r365K1ul-k6a6r0ni,J.Bombaynat.Hist.Soc.,
Nomenclature 1982TortorSenandJayaram,Rec.Zoo!.Sure.
1.1.1Scientificname India.Occ,PaperNo.39,pp.2-4,figs1-2.
Cyprinustor(Hamilton,1822)(typelocality,R. Etymologyandcommonnames
Mahananda). Thomas(1873)andLacyandCretin(1905)
GafisWsmuiEDTanpranrhnsroyjceosciaedarnolcmtllywdoruieueMiThidnterdBuna(thehysnkeay1mgGee,aemd8rislourD3lolbfMnjs4ooittuuuaip)tt.foyonsse,hehhnp.n(Cdecaeseti1.weiw,rslno9Cieriatr3taayostto6ahf(ennph(r)tsr1CdrdHl,hts8awaayiBahei6ormnpbnetagg8irdrhaurRngel)kfeisisebteCeosnvedou.nrrclcuednpsamsaurosa)mutelsnotfotbreemtidsnoisrdyneooiltCsafrtlbsdaoaipHylhoaeanrseawepwvrirailcwmareetbreiiCeedreisdelyracy(lnDsstopHesnfuploawCairdesdolrni.mpyicsfeeidutnics(lC(Ibeftuttcnd11t.liwiosd8r8eocsiorio2in7ssenam2m)bl8c.shno)it,eo)roems.osHfditsideaaotrbhtaHblnrbaoeehltte.edaysmderoo ftbn(gr‘ASmnmbPoiearrmoepeeeacgneoatarrheahfosagmhesrooinnsgkteiadunminermrrassotaiinetatnttahsunttghhrhaunecignaatlwoalwycttadeianelooeHsedt’reHrrtidrofh.sadithinfideahsevsndstinhasafn,udtbehtdotsansuieaoarictgtrgfanmmowthra)-‘amnaeefeeeensamihlemxdci=snewp'iilhcays’nolme-fl‘hwreielakeoam=efsolshdsdntanharre.s,,hoshddonfdeew.ms.miBcpernesaiberrrAshemhf.eA,'e'aPrsuramctshe*eewHhsahafaermisteoearrunsarisahriwddsvsidsywen’eeaaendapi=dsvdn'denthsee,ereachrrstmairgoarsiechhfvrlnwa,vhrelafaehdnhoeitTapiiiolVsdsitt=thschpaeoe‘ohpfrrhndmiehda,armolnaaioireotsnahissowInremssdsn.nrfeicai,hd,tortvtltaiAaswtoieesh’aiissaoemcddoe,.nr
Hamilton’sC.tor.Whilethelarge-scaledbarbels oretymologicalresemblancetotheSanskritword
Chuavvieerb,eeInxivbaeroiobuasrlbyuasssRiigipnpeedl.toBtahrebgoedneesraBBleaerkbeurs, T‘mhaetsymao’standprtohbaatbmlaehsdeeerirvaistinoontaisbitgha-thetahdeedwfoisrhd.
TorGray,etc.,accordingtomodernclassification ‘mahseer’isthecorruptionofthePersian'mahisher',
theyareplacedinthegenusTorGray,withCyprinus referringtoitsfightingandsportingcharacter.
torHamilton(-TorHamilton(Gray)asthegenotype. Thestandardcommonandvernacularnames
1.1.2Synonyms aregiveninTable1.
1822CyprinustorHamilton,FishGanges, 1.2 Taxonomy
pp.305,330(typelocalityMahanandaRiver) 1.2.1Definition
11883349fBTioag.rr1bhaumsilmteongialGerapyi.sIIIM.chCilde.lZloao!n.d,,2,Aspii.a3t6., ssicmailleaFsroarmnoadrpnbhuaormlbboeeglirscoaaflnydceahaarlrsaarcagtleemsroisszteweawlirltecharmreopgrsaerwidotrehdlebasissg
Res.,19,pp.271,337(northernpartsof mahseers.Thiswaslaterrestrictedtomoredefinite
Bengal) featuresasfollows:
1839BarbushexastichusMcClelland,Asiat.Res. Carpwithbigscales,fleshylipscontinuousat
19,pp.269,333,pi.39,fig,2(bigriversinthe theanglesofthemouthwithaninterruptedfoldor
plainsofIndia) grooveacrossthelowerjaw,twopairsofbigbarbels,
11887788BBaarrbbuusshteorxaDsatyi,chFuisshD.aIyn,diFias,hp..I5n6d4ia,p.564 lahareteaerdcaolen-qlsuiiandelestrcoeaodlretgsarxreoaanntogemirinocgrafllrelosysmat2sh2attnrout2eh8em,daaehnpsdtehleeornfsgbtaohndodyf
1935Barbustor,HoraandMukherjee,Rec. areincludedunderthegenusTor.
IndianMus.,37,p.383(NagaHills)
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2 FIR/S158Torlor
TableI. StandardandVernacularNamesofTorspp.
Country Standardcommonnames Vernacularnames
Bangladesh
Bhutan Mahseer Jantura
India Mahseer (PKHuaitjinrldaoiri)D:(aGKuoudaklnhpaaigraaahr).:(SPSuoannhjeaarbRa):atnK’de.PnT.du)ir:.iByuBaroa<mpPamutimrnea..ahJP,uonBoaimghaea.er)nP:e-eMClaaisnaad(ieAes(Ksoasmi):R.N.aBhiaharra)m:
tPHhccirr)u:avgMaaall.huu.HsaPorolaol-<c\m-Vem.eiBnneu.n.gPHaealrl)u:lsaaBlmai*dn(a(TsKeal(ruNngaaurt)ma;akKcdu.adCiRas.n..arKHcaosdsceh)ha:in.MgcBaraburavsdealMM.aIPMs.al)laay-a(lMaamr)a;-
Pakistan Mahseer Kurreah(Sind)
Myanmar
Nepal Mahseer Sor-Maccha:Sahar
SriLanka Kuriah,Lela
Misra(1959)classifiedthisgenusas: Hora(refs.1939to1943)wasoftheopinionthat
PShuSyublSpupeemhrryicVellesuarmtsPesiCbsrGrcanaentasiatahtoastomata ihguutenseinleseredrpesircscpeoarsmgloonalvitmyizusederiiodoesnnttaitehnolaclrtstyepvmfliiaratsosheBmssaaeBrteahbsrreuubswibushgsipoenrnltaooeenbrmdBaiobactlrrhyeabntuaagtsTmeolnecere.oarsmcatpaM.lnisesuBbxbru,e-at
ClassTeleostomi (1959)hasclassifiedallthemahseersundera
SubclassActinopterygii separategenusTor
OrDdievrisCiyopnrCiynpirfionrimes 1.2.3Description(Figure1)
SuFbaomridleyrCCyypprriinniodiadeei L.tr.4D'.4/1221(43/9);P.19;V.9;A.7-8(2-3/5),C.19;L.1.22-27,
GenusTor Headslightlyshorterthandepth;dorsalprofile
SpeciesTortor(Hamilton)1822 moresharplyarchedthanventralprofile,lipsthick
1.2.2Authorofgenericname jfalwe,shymowuitthhciosnstmianlulouasndlabiitaslgfaopldeadcoreosssnottheexltoewnedr
lswBroeoearprc,rakobrgeCuHanrystaispemzClrpeiuyildlvnaaituctneoehsdrrdnepiptenulh(las1e1ic8ps8te1eeo2d7cr2f,iati)eshashaenefnmodisfdrisiTnmntoCattryhhgwpesGorrergoideaeiunyrsnputsusiiesnndvcimtC1z8oy.gm,3pse4araCn.ihlyenpsruraesLi.eavnitruzhe.sser, ssitbinlnheaitaalgmendhoretovwblrayboltnidlethcnoyaeeglntdgsoeheefp,ypreavttesthcnh,,wetaorpnfsaleanplrctoao.tfiusioDrtntr,orsaardlplsoooafrorilsennbaatefaliecsrndhsb,oibpepnuiljptgnsoa,espswhesismolmtarvoexiotoifcettloralhaotsa,brhrolasysuolhntinoogegrnhyttteaehels,sery
Figure1. Tortor(Hamilton)
Copyrightedmaterial
FIR/SI58Tartor 3
headexcludingsnout,pelvicshorterandwhenlaid 9Tortambroides(Bleeker)-Treykahor,Thai
flatnotreachingcaudal-finbase,caudaldeeply mahseer.Thailand,Indonesia,Cambodia,Malaysia
fisorakweed;lll-adteervaellolipneedcsocmapllyetaep.pPerneddaogresailnstchaelaexsil9.ofTehaecrhe (1M99o6h)s.inandAmbak,1983;Roberts.1989;Rainboth,
ptoel3v.i7cMtefiianm.seusreinmestnatnsd:aLredngletnhgtohf.hEeyaed4d,idameepttehrofcobnotdayin3e.d0 v(a1l9u6a71b)0l.feorgTatohrmeezZhfhoiobsheb.nRsiivse(rMiinrzPaa)ki-stRaenp.orCtoemdmboynMiarnzda
3.0to4.0timesininterorbitaldistance.Leastheightof
caudalpedunclecontained1.2to1.4timesinitslength.
wliigthhtpoCMlioianlvkxoeirisgahrmteisuoeimnnd:esbsSieizllrevoe:ewpr,l1ya5lcg2oerw.dee0ebrncyfmiogn.rrregeerdnediyisisshhhgygoerllldeoewan.bdoovresalalnyd, cgooomdm(1ogB)anmTVieonArhLfiilkIlshhDs.utSdrrUeeaBemSsPlooEfnCgSirIisEpLSianniOskFa(TaGnuOndRtrheerg)ar-deMdosast
1.2.4Gseunbesrpaelciveasr)iability(speciesand cTarrapv.a2.nScoTouortrehkhhiKlulasd.nraereamadlouwbnaritcheusW(eJsetredornn)-GMhaaltasbatro
c(rAoe)pmoproMVtsaeAidhLtsefIerDeotmreMridAmsiHfafiShenrecEetlnEeutrdRweoasgSteePtnrhEoseu.CsIfogElrSloouwpinogffsipshecainedsthaiss osRtiuhvbeesrrAp3.rcneieccvTaioeorrerrssdHmyiisornwtaisglekalmuld,tm,omeoaOvsAhret.iansGns.apiaKnrd..oiONrbcioaMustbseslayny(.eDotabnkveindo()T1w.9-n9Mk2fah)rh,ouamdntraahednieiys
golde1n.Toorrpcutoimtomroan(HaHmiimlatolna)y-atnhempuathistoeremra.hsIenerthoer mdeashcarniabdedicbuysDaavnidd(n1o9t53Ta.).mFousrathlermsathuadnyaidsinceuedseda.s
Himalayas,includingKashmir,UttarPradesh,Punjab,
HNeaprayla.naA,lsoDairnjPeaekliisntgan(,WAefsgthaBneinsgtaaln).anAdsBsaanmg,laBdheustha.n, (C) UNCERTAINSPECIESOFMAHSEER
dpaeretipc-2u.blaordTliyoerdfrleomsrahh(Hswaaemteierlr.tsonAo)lfl-Patulhnoejnatgbo,rtmhHaeahrsyHeainemara.loaryUtattsha,er sPirmeislae1rni.ttBiieansrbtwhuietshhrieTvx.eartssotorifcbhtuuhtseiMtHciiCmslaenlloatlyaaansd,T-oiintrhKasapssehscmioiemrse,.
Pradesh,Bihar,Darjeeling,Assam,MadhyaPradesh. AssamandSikkim.
BCprhhiiunntcaai.pna,lInhNIaenbpidtiaaalt.st.heParkiivsertsanG,anBgaangalnaddeNsahr.maMdyaanamrearit,s dnauteurt2eo..itsBFlaoarurbnguedsscidnaulktehsae,icTDoilasoytuar-,Rclioavnrefgreussienizdet,whieatnhDdamrsajpheoerslteiiennrgg
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8 Torsinensis(Wu)-China,Thailand, thelasttwospeciesintheHimalayas.
Cambodia(Petr,personalcommunication).
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