Sustainable Energy Conversion for Electricity and Coproducts: Principles, Technologies, and Equipment

426 Pages·2015·2.848 MB·English

by  Ashok Rao

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Comprehensive and a fundamental approach to the study of sustainable fuel Rao
conversion for the generation of electricity and for coproducing synthetic fuels Sustainable Energy
and chemicals
Both electricity and chemicals are critical to maintain our modern way of life; however,
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environmental impacts have to be factored in to sustain this type of lifestyle. Sustainable Energy
Conversion for Electricity and Coproducts provides a unified, comprehensive, and a fundamental
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approach to the study of sustainable fuel conversion in order to generate electricity and
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optionally coproduce synthetic fuels and chemicals. s Electricity and Coproducts
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The book starts with an introduction to energy systems and describes the various forms of a
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energy sources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, biomass, and other renewables and nuclear. Their n
distribution is discussed in order to emphasize the uneven availability and finiteness of some a
Principles, Technologies, and Equipment
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of these resources. Each topic in the book is covered in sufficient detail from a theoretical and
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practical applications standpoint essential for engineers involved in the development of the e
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• Discusses the impact of energy sources on the environment along with an
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introduction to the supply chain and life cycle analyses in order to emphasize
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the holistic approach required for sustainability. Not only are the emissions of o
criteria pollutants addressed but also the major greenhouse gas CO which is n
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essential for the overall sustainability. v
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• Deals with underlying principles and their application to engineering including s
thermodynamics, fluid flow, and heat and mass transfer which form the io
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engineering, Rankine cycle and the Brayton–Rankine combined cycle, and r

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emerging technologies such as high-temperature membranes and fuel cells.
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book is largely self-contained suitable for the different engineering disciplines, c
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Ashok RAo, PhD, is a well-acknowledged national and international leader in the field of a
energy conversion and has made wide-ranging contributions in these fields over the past n
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40 years in industry as well as at the University of California’s Advanced Power and Energy

Program where he is currently its Chief Scientist for Power Systems. While working at Fluor as a C
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Director in Process Engineering, he was honoured by being made a Senior Fellow. In 2011, he
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was invited to be the Associate Editor for the ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and r
Power and a keynote speaker at the 2011 International Conference on Applied Energy, Perugia, o
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Italy. He also has a number of patents to his credit in the field of energy conversion as well as
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numerous high-quality publications.
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Cover Image: iStockphoto © ewg3D
www.wiley.com
Also available
as an e-book

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
CONVERSION FOR
ELECTRICITY AND
COPRODUCTS

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
CONVERSION FOR
ELECTRICITY AND
COPRODUCTS
Principles, Technologies,
and Equipment
ASHOK RAO, PH.D.
Advanced Power and Energy Program
University of California
Irvine, CA, USA
Copyright©2015byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved
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1 2015
CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
ABOUT THE BOOK xiv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xv
1 Introduction to Energy Systems 1
1.1 Energy Sources and Distribution of Resources 2
1.1.1 Fossil Fuels 2
1.1.2 Nuclear 16
1.1.3 Renewables 17
1.2 Energy andthe Environment 21
1.2.1 Criteria and Other Air Pollutants 22
1.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Capture, and Storage 26
1.2.3 Water Usage 28
1.3 Holistic Approach 29
1.3.1 Supply Chain and Life Cycle Assessment 29
1.4 Conclusions 31
References 31
2 Thermodynamics 33
2.1 First Law 34
2.1.1 Application to a Combustor 36
2.1.2 Efficiency BasedonFirst Law 45
2.2 Second Law 46
2.2.1 Quality Destruction andEntropyGeneration 51
v
vi CONTENTS
2.2.2 Second LawAnalysis 53
2.2.3 First and SecondLaw Efficiencies 57
2.3 Combustion and Gibbs Free Energy Minimization 58
2.4 Nonideal Behavior 60
2.4.1 Gas Phase 60
2.4.2 Vapor–Liquid Phases 62
References 64
3 Fluid Flow Equipment 66
3.1 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow 66
3.1.1 Flow Regimes 67
3.1.2 Extended Bernoulli Equation 68
3.2 Single-Phase Incompressible Flow 69
3.2.1 Pressure Drop in Pipes 69
3.2.2 Pressure Drop in Fittings 70
3.3 Single-Phase Compressible Flow 71
3.3.1 Pressure Drop in Pipesand Fittings 72
3.3.2 Choked Flow 72
3.4 Two-Phase Fluid Flow 72
3.4.1 Gas–Liquid Flow Regimes 73
3.4.2 Pressure Drop in Pipesand Fittings 74
3.4.3 Droplet Separation 74
3.5 Solid Fluid Systems 77
3.5.1 Flow Regimes 77
3.5.2 Pressure Drop 78
3.5.3 Pneumatic Conveying 80
3.6 Fluid Velocity in Pipes 80
3.7 Turbomachinery 81
3.7.1 Pumps 81
3.7.2 Compressors 90
3.7.3 Fans and Blowers 97
3.7.4 Expansion Turbines 98
References 99
4 Heat Transfer Equipment 101
4.1 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 101
4.1.1 Conduction 102
4.1.2 Convection 103
4.1.3 Radiation 112
4.2 Heat Exchange Equipment 117
4.2.1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 118
4.2.2 Plate Heat Exchangers 124
4.2.3 Air-Cooled Exchangers 127
4.2.4 Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) 128
4.2.5 Boilers andFired Heaters 129
References 130
CONTENTS vii
5 MassTransfer and Chemical Reaction Equipment 131
5.1 Fundamentals of Mass Transfer 131
5.1.1 Molecular Diffusion 132
5.1.2 Convective Transport 133
5.1.3 Adsorption 134
5.2 Gas–Liquid Systems 135
5.2.1 Types of Mass Transfer Operations 135
5.2.2 Types of Columns 144
5.2.3 Column Sizing 146
5.2.4 Column Diameterand Pressure Drop 157
5.3 Fluid–Solid Systems 159
5.3.1 Adsorbers 159
5.3.2 Catalytic Reactors 162
References 167
6 Prime Movers 169
6.1 Gas Turbines 170
6.1.1 Principles of Operation 171
6.1.2 Combustor andAir Emissions 176
6.1.3 Start-Up and Load Control 177
6.1.4 Performance Characteristics 177
6.1.5 Fuel Types 179
6.1.6 Technology Developments 182
6.2 Steam Turbines 185
6.2.1 Principles of Operation 185
6.2.2 Load Control 186
6.2.3 Performance Characteristics 187
6.2.4 Technology Developments 189
6.3 ReciprocatingInternal Combustion Engines 190
6.3.1 Principles of Operation 190
6.3.2 Air Emissions 193
6.3.3 Start-up 193
6.3.4 Performance Characteristics 194
6.3.5 Fuel Types 194
6.4 Hydraulic Turbines 195
6.4.1 Process Industry Applications 195
6.4.2 Hydroelectric Power Plant Applications 196
References 196
7 Systems Analysis 198
7.1 Design Basis 198
7.1.1 Fuel or Feedstock Specifications 200
7.1.2 Mode of Heat Rejection 200
7.1.3 Ambient Conditions 200
7.1.4 Other Site-SpecificConsiderations 201
7.1.5 Environmental Emissions Criteria 202
viii CONTENTS
7.1.6 Capacity Factor 203
7.1.7 Off-Design Requirements 204
7.2 System Configuration 205
7.3 Exergy and Pinch Analyses 207
7.3.1 Exergy Analysis 207
7.3.2 Pinch Analysis 208
7.4 ProcessFlow Diagrams 212
7.5 Dynamic Simulationand Process Control 215
7.5.1 Dynamic Simulation 215
7.5.2 Automatic Process Control 219
7.6 Cost EstimationandEconomics 220
7.6.1 Total Plant Cost 220
7.6.2 Economic Analysis 225
7.7 Life Cycle Assessment 227
References 228
8 Rankine CycleSystems 230
8.1 Basic RankineCycle 231
8.2 Addition of Superheating 233
8.3 Addition of Reheat 236
8.4 Addition of Economizer and Regenerative Feedwater Heating 238
8.5 Supercritical RankineCycle 241
8.6 The Steam Cycle 241
8.7 Coal-Fired Power Generation 244
8.7.1 Coal-Fired Boilers 244
8.7.2 Emissions andControl 245
8.7.3 Description of aLarge SupercriticalSteam Rankine Cycle 251
8.8 Plant-Derived Biomass-Fired PowerGeneration 255
8.8.1 Feedstock Characteristics 255
8.8.2 Biomass-Fired Boilers 256
8.8.3 Cofiring Biomass in Coal-FiredBoilers 256
8.8.4 Emissions 257
8.9 MunicipalSolid Waste Fired Power Generation 258
8.9.1 MSW-Fired Boilers 258
8.9.2 Emissions Control 259
8.10 Low-Temperature Cycles 260
8.10.1 Organic RankineCycle (ORC) 260
References 262
9 Brayton–RankineCombined Cycle Systems 264
9.1 CombinedCycle 264
9.1.1 Gas Turbine Cyclesfor Combined Cycles 265
9.1.2 Steam Cycles for Combined Cycles 266
9.2 Natural Gas-Fueled Plants 267
9.2.1 Description of aLarge Combined Cycle 267