Surface Modification of Magnesium and Its Alloys for Biomedical Applications: Volume 1: Biological Interactions, Mechanical Properties and Testing

380 Pages·2015·3.4 MB·English

by  T S N S Narayanan

fi
Surface Modi cation of Magnesium and
its Alloys for Biomedical Applications
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials:
Number 89
fi
Surface Modi cation
of Magnesium and its
Alloys for Biomedical
Applications
Volume 1: Biological Interactions,
Mechanical Properties and Testing
Edited by
T. S. N. Sankara Narayanan, Il-Song Park
and Min-Ho Lee
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Contents
List ofcontributors ix
Woodhead PublishingSeries in Biomaterials xi
Part One Fundamentals of surface-modified magnesium
and magnesium alloys for biomedical
applications 1
1 Revolutionisingbiodegradable biomaterials– significance
ofmagnesium and its alloys 3
Andrejs Atrens
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Corrosion ofmagnesium alloys 4
1.3 Ultra-pure magnesium 9
1.4 Measurementof magnesium corrosion 11
1.5 In vitro and invivo comparison 16
1.6 Magnesium corrosion mechanism 17
1.7 Galvanic corrosion 17
1.8 Summary ofimportant points 17
Acknowledgements 20
References 20
2 Surface modification ofmagnesium and its alloys for biomedical
applications: opportunities and challenges 29
T.S.N.Sankara Narayanan, Il-SongPark, Min-Ho Lee
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Thermal, hydrothermal, andalkalineheat treatment-based
surface modifications 30
2.3 Chemical surface modifications 35
2.4 Electrochemicalsurfacemodification 55
2.5 Plasma surface modification 59
2.6 Lasersurface modification 65
2.7 Othermethodsof surfacemodification 69
2.8 Summary and concluding remarks 72
References 74
vi Contents
3 Surface design ofbiodegradable magnesium alloys for
biomedical applications 89
P.K.Chu, G.S. Wu
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Surface modification techniques 89
3.3 Surface design principlesfor biodegradable magnesium alloys 98
3.4 Research examples 102
3.5 Summary and future trends 114
Acknowledgements 114
References 114
Part Two Biological and mechanical properties of surface
modified magnesium and magnesium alloys 121
4 Bioabsorbablebehaviour of magnesium alloys– an in vivo
approach 123
Martin Durisin
4.1 Introduction 123
4.2 Requirements with regard tomagnesium alloysfor invivo use 124
4.3 Transferability of invitro findings toinvivo trials: a suitable
indicator for invivo studies? 127
4.4 In vivo biodegradation ofmagnesium alloys 130
4.5 In vivo biocompatibility of magnesium alloys 140
4.6 Testing ofmagnesium alloy inor onbone – specialconsiderations 150
4.7 Testing ofmagnesium alloy inblood vessels –special
considerations 159
4.8 Future trends 161
4.9 Further informationand advice 163
Acknowledgements 163
References 163
5 Mechanical integrity ofmagnesium alloys for biomedical
applications 179
Lokesh Choudhary, R.K. Singh Raman
5.1 Magnesium andits alloysas implant materials 179
5.2 Corrosion and assisted cracking of magnesium alloys 180
5.3 SCC of magnesium alloys: a biomedical perspective 184
5.4 Phenomenology of SCCof magnesium alloys 185
5.5 Prevention ofSCC 198
5.6 Conclusions 199
References 199
Contents vii
6 Effect ofamino acids andproteins on the invitroperformance
ofcoatedmagnesium for biomedical applications 205
NicholasTravis Kirkland, Jay Waterman
6.1 Introduction 205
6.2 The role ofamino acids and proteins inbiocorrosion 206
6.3 Effect of amino acids on corrosionperformance of
magnesium 210
6.4 Effect of proteins onmagnesium biocorrosion 214
6.5 Effect of buffer and atmosphere on amino
acids/protein-induced corrosion 219
6.6 Conclusions 226
References 228
7 Biocompatibility ofsurface-modified magnesium and
magnesium alloys 231
Ke Yang, Xiao Lin
7.1 Introduction 231
7.2 Biocompatibilityof thematerials introduced by surface
modification 231
7.3 Biocompatibilityof surface-modified magnesium-based
metals – invitroresults 236
7.4 Biocompatibilityof surface-modified magnesium-based
metals – invivo findings 243
7.5 Influencing factorson thebiocompatibility of
the surface-modified magnesium-based metals 246
7.6 Future trends 249
7.7 Sources of further informationand advice 250
References 251
Part Three Testing and characterization of surface-modified
magnesium and magnesium alloys for
biomedical applications 261
8 Characterization ofmodifiedmagnesium and magnesium
alloys for biomedical applications 263
W.R. Zhou, Y.F.Zheng
8.1 Introduction 263
8.2 Characterizationmethods 266
8.3 Future trends 277
8.4 Sources of additional information and advice 277
References 278
viii Contents
9 Effect ofsurface treatmentson the fatigue lifeofmagnesium
and its alloysfor biomedical applications 283
R.A.Antunes,M.C.L.de Oliveira
9.1 Introduction 283
9.2 Fatigue behaviorof magnesium alloys 284
9.3 Surface treatments 290
9.4 Future trends 303
Acknowledgements 304
References 304
10 Testing the mechanicalproperties ofsurface-modified magnesium
and magnesium alloys forbiomedical applications 311
T. Imwinkelried
10.1 Introduction 311
10.2 Implantation-related mechanical properties 313
10.3 Degradation-relatedmechanical properties 316
10.4 Effect of surface modifications on implant performance 318
10.5 Testing mechanical properties invitro 320
10.6 Testing implant performance invivo 324
10.7 Sources of further information 327
Acknowledgements 328
References 328
11 Biocompatibility testing and marketing authorisation of degradable
magnesium implants 331
AnnekeLoos
11.1 Introduction 331
11.2 Classification– which directive applies? 332
11.3 Testing accordingto international standards 335
11.4 Biocompatibility – one aspect of biological safety 340
11.5 Preclinical biocompatibility testing of biodegradable
magnesium implants formarketing authorisation 346
11.6 Nonstandardised invitroandin vivo techniquesfor
biocompatibility evaluation of magnesium alloys 350
References 351
Index 355
List of contributors
R.A. Antunes Universidade Federal do ABC, S~ao Paulo, Brazil
Andrejs Atrens The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
Lokesh Choudhary MonashUniversity, VIC, Australia
P.K. Chu City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
M.C.L. de Oliveira Electrocell Ind. Com. Equip. Elet. LTDA,Technology,
Entrepreneurshipand InnovationCenter (CIETEC), S~aoPaulo,Brazil
Martin Durisin Medical University of Hannover, Hannover,Germany
T. Imwinkelried Formerly Synthes GmbH,Oberdorf, Switzerland (Presently at
Robert MathysFoundation)
Nicholas TravisKirkland Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
Min-Ho Lee Chonbuk NationalUniversity, Jeonju, Republic ofKorea
Xiao Lin Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang, China
Anneke Loos Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
T.S.N. Sankara Narayanan Chonbuk NationalUniversity, Jeonju, Republicof
Korea
Il-Song Park ChonbukNational University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
R.K.Singh Raman MonashUniversity, VIC, Australia
Jay Waterman University of Canterbury,Christchurch, New Zealand
G.S. Wu City University ofHong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Ke Yang Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenyang, China
Y.F. Zheng PekingUniversity, Beijing, China
W.R. Zhou Peking University, Beijing,China