Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems: TAIGA Concept PDF
Preview Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems: TAIGA Concept
Jun-ichiro Ishibashi Kyoko Okino Michinari Sunamura Editors Subseafl oor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems TAIGA Concept Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems Jun-ichiro Ishibashi (cid:129) Kyoko Okino Michinari Sunamura Editors Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems TAIGA Concept Editors Jun-ichiroIshibashi KyokoOkino DepartmentofEarthandPlanetary AtmosphereandOcean Science,FacultyofSciences ResearchInstitute KyushuUniversity TheUniversityofTokyo Fukuoka,Japan Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan MichinariSunamura DepartmentofEarth andPlanetaryScience GraduateSchoolofScience TheUniversityofTokyo Tokyo,Japan ISBN978-4-431-54864-5 ISBN978-4-431-54865-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2 SpringerTokyoHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014948334 #TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andtheAuthor(s)2015.Thebookispublishedwithopenaccess atSpringerLink.com OpenAccessThisbookisdistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionNoncommercialLicense, whichpermitsanynoncommercialuse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthor(s) andsourcearecredited. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location,in its current version, and permission for commercial use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for commercial use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication,neitherthe authorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybe made.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Coverillustration:#JAMSTEC2014.Usedwithkindpermission Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thise-bookisacollectionofscientificresultsofstudiesobtainedduringtheTAIGAproject between 2008 and 2012. The TAIGA project was planned and organized to elucidate interactionsbetweenthelithosphere,hydrosphere,andbiospherethroughthefluidadvection systembeneaththeseafloorthroughmanycruises,modeling,andlaboratoryexperiments.This interdisciplinary project was funded by MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan) from FY 2008 to FY 2012, as a project of a “Grant-in- AidforScientificResearchonInnovativeAreas”.Theprogramname“TAIGA”representsa dynamic fluid advection system beneath the seafloor (In Japanese, taiga refers to “a great river”),asintroducedinChap.1. Multidisciplinary scientists from universities and institutes and many students worked together synergically for this program. Five research projects (A01–A05) were organized to attainmajorgoalsundertheframeworkoftheTAIGAprogram,asfollows.A01:Diversityof TAIGA controlled by various geologic and geophysical structures; A02: Biogeochemical impactofTAIGAfluxonthedeep-seaenvironment;A03:EvolutionofTAIGA—constraints fromgeochronologyandmoleculargenetics;A04:Clarificationofinsituphysical,chemical, and biological interactive processes in TAIGAs; and A05: Laboratory experiments to eluci- date chemical and biological interactions in TAIGA. However, many individual specific studies were conducted by members across teams and disciplines, as will be obvious in the contentsofthisbook. Several research cruises, dive expeditions, and drilling operations were conducted during the TAIGA project. To conduct these ocean field studies efficiently, three integrated study siteswereselected,namely,theCentralIndianRidge,theSouthernMarianaTrough,andthe OkinawaTrough.EachofthemrepresentsdifferenttypesofTAIGAs,asintroducedinChap. 1.ShallowseafloordrillingexpeditionsemployingaBenthicMulticoringSystem(BMS)were conducted twice as hosted by the TAIGA project, once in August 2010 in the Southern Mariana Trough, and the other in July 2011 in the Okinawa Trough. Deep seafloor drilling during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 was conducted in the OkinawaTroughinSeptember2010,inwhichseveralTAIGAprojectmembersparticipated. Morethan30submersiblediveexpeditionsandsurfaceshipresearchcruiseswereconducted under the framework of Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) deep-sea investigations and of the Atmosphere Ocean Research Institute, The UniversityofTokyo.ThesecruiseswereexecutedbyresearchproposalssubmittedbyTAIGA projectmembers. This e-book consists of 51 chapters, which have been contributed by TAIGA project membersasindividualpartsandcriticallyreviewedbyexternalreviewersorTAIGAproject members. Part I compiles interdisciplinary studies, including summary articles for each research program. Parts II, III, and IV compile studies related to the three integrated study sites,theCentralIndianRidge,theSouthernMarianaTrough,andtheOkinawaTrough.Some of the chapters include review sections to overview the project results together with a summary of the background information and previous studies of the target site or the specialized field, for the benefit of readers. Appendices in three parts compile rather short reportswhichomitfulldiscussioninordertogiveadditionaldataorresults. v vi Preface This volume is being published as “an open access e-book,” which is a new style of publication for scientific articles. We hope that this e-book is well accepted among the scientific community as a whole, since it is the first publication covering wide ranges of researchtopicsbothonthearc–backarcsystemssuchasthe western Pacific andonthemid- ocean ridge system such as the Indian Ocean. We would like tourge readers to inform their colleaguesofthispublicationbyquotingitasfollows: SubseafloorBiosphereLinkedtoHydrothermalSystems:TAIGAConcept http://link.springer.com/978-4-431-54865-2 Tokyo,Japan TetsuroUrabe Fukuoka,Japan Jun-ichiroIshibashi March2014 Editorial Board The editorial board was organized from the principal members of the TAIGA project to handleeditingworkofthechapters.Membersarelistedbelow. TatsuhiroFukuba(PartI) MarineTechnologyandEngineeringCenter(MARITEC) JapanAgencyforMarine–EarthScienceandTechnology(JAMSTEC) Jun-ichiroIshibashi(PartIII,chiefexecutiveeditor) FacultyofSciences KyushuUniversity KyokoOkino(PartIII,viceexecutiveeditor) AtmosphereandOceanResearchInstitute(AORI) TheUniversityofTokyo MichinariSunamura(PartIV,viceexecutiveeditor) DepartmentofEarthandPlanetaryScience TheUniversityofTokyo KatsuhikoSuzuki(PartI) ResearchandDevelopment(R&D)CenterforSubmarineResources JapanAgencyforMarine–EarthScienceandTechnology(JAMSTEC) KenTakai(PartII) DepartmentofSubsurfaceGeobiologicalAnalysisandResearch JapanAgencyforMarine–EarthScienceandTechnology(JAMSTEC) HiroyukiYamamoto(PartIV) ResearchandDevelopment(R&D)CenterforSubmarineResources JapanAgencyforMarine–EarthScienceandTechnology(JAMSTEC) ToshiroYamanaka(PartI) GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTechnology OkayamaUniversity vii Acknowledgments We would like to express our appreciation to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for funding this project from FY 2008 to FY 2012 (#20109001–20109006),asaprojectofaGrant-in-AidforScientificResearchonInnovative Areas.AdditionalfundinginFY2013supportededitingworkandpublicationofthise-book. Weespeciallythankthecrew,submersibleteams,drillingoperators,andonboardscientistsof alloftheresearchcruisesrelatedtotheproject. Ken Kimlicka and Taeko Sato at Springer Japan provided efficient assistance during all stagesoftheprocessofediting.PhotographsonthecoverwerekindlyprovidedbyJAMSTEC. HarumiFujitasupportedthehandling,reviewing,andeditingofthemanuscripts. Wesincerelyappreciatetheexternalreviewers(listedbelow)whosubstantiallyimproved theaccuracyofthecontentsandclarityofthepresentations. List of External Reviewers WolfgangBach DepartmentofGeosciences,UniversityofBremen StaceE.Beaulieu WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution HitoshiChiba GraduateSchoolofNaturalScienceandTechnology,OkayamaUniversity JonCopley OceanandEarthScience,UniversityofSouthampton CornelE.J.deRonde GNSScience Je´roˆmeDyment InstitutdePhysiqueduGlobedeParis,CNRS RobL.Evance WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution ToshiyaFujiwara InstituteforResearchonEarthEvolution,JAMSTEC ToshitakaGamo AtmosphereandOceanResearchInstitute,TheUniversityofTokyo ix
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