Subcellular Biochemistry: Volume 10

561 Pages·1984·11.464 MB·English

by  Roland Douce, Maryse A. Block, Albert-Jean Dorne (auth.), Donald B. Roodyn (eds.)

Subcellular
Biochemistry
10
Volume
ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD
J. ANDRE Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, 4 Faculte des Sciences, 91 Orsay, France
D. L. ARNON Department of Cell Physiology, Hilgard Hall, University of California,
Berkeley, California 94720, USA
J. BRACHET Laboratoire de Morphologie Animale, Facuite des Sciences, Universite
Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
J. CHAUVEAU Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur Ie Cancer, 16 Avenue Vaillant
Couturier, 94 Villejuif, Boite Postale 8, France
C. de DUVE Universite de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium and The Rockefeller University,
New York, NY 10021, USA
M. KLINGENBERG Institut fUr Physiologische Chemie und Physikalische Biochemie,
UniversiHit Mlinchen, Goethestrasse 33, Mlinchen IS, Germany
A. LIMA-de-FARIA Institute of Molecular Cytogenetics, Tornavagen 13, University of
Lund, Lund, Sweden
O. LINDBERG The Wenner-Gren Institute, Norrtullsgatan 16, Stockholm, VA, Sweden
V. N. LUZIKOV A. N. Belozersky Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Bioorganic
Chemistry, Lomonosov State University, Building A, Moscow 117234, USSR
H. R. MAHLER Chemical Laboratories, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401,
USA
M. M. K. NASS Department of Therapeutic Research, University of Pennsylvania School
of Medicine, Biology Service Building, 3800 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, USA
A. B. NOVIKOFF Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva
University, Eastchester Road and Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
R. N. ROBERTSON Macleay Building, A12, School of Biological Sciences, The University
of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia
P. SIEKEVITZ The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
F. S. SJOSTRAND Department of Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles, Califor
nia 90024, USA
A. S. SPIRIN A. N. Bakh Institute of Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR,
Leninsky Prospekt 33, Moscow V-71, USSR
D. von WETTSTEIN Department of Physiology, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gl. Carlsbergvej
10, DK-2S00, Copenhagen, Denmark
V. P. WHITTAKER Abteilung fUr Neurochemie, Max-Planck Institut fUr Biophysikalische
Chemic, D-3400 G6ttingen-Nikolausberg, Postfach 968, Germany
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes arc hilleu only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the puhlisher.
Subcellular
Biochemistry
10
Volume
Edited by
Donald B. Roodyn
University College London
London, England
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Library of Congress cataloged the fIrst volume of this title as follows:
Sub-cellular biochemistry.
London, New York, Plenum Press.
v. illus. 23 cm. quarterly.
Began with Sept. 1971 issue. Cf. New serial titles.
1. Cytochemistry - Periodicals. 2. Cell organelles - Periodicals.
QH611.S84 574.8'76 73~434 79
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73~434 79
ISBN-13 978-1-4612-9682-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2709-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2709-7
This series is a continuation of the journal Sub-Cellular Biochemistry,
Volumes 1 to 4 of which were published quarterly from 1972 to 1975
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted.
in any form or by any means. electronic. mechanical, photocopying. microfilming.
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher
Contributors
Paul S. Agutter Department of Biological Sciences, Napier College, Edin
burgh EHI0 5DT, United Kingdom
B. B. Biswas Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Calcutta 700009,
India
Maryse A. Block Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, Departement de Re
cherche Fondamentale, Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale, Centre
d'Etudes Nucleaires et Universite Scientifique et Medicale de Grenoble,
85 X, F-38041 Grenoble cedex, France
Albert-Jean Dorne Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, Departement de Re
cherche Fondamentale, Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale, Centre
d'Etudes Nucleaires et Universite Scientifique et Medicale de Grenoble,
85 X, F-38041 Grenoble cedex, France
Roland Douce Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, Departement de Recherche
Fondamentale, Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale, Centre d'Etudes
Nucleaires et Universite Scientifique et Medicale de Grenoble, 85 X, F-
38041 Grenoble cedex, France
B. Ghosh Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Calcutta 700009,
India
Enrique Herrero Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Farmacia,
Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 10, Spain
Jacques Joyard Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, Departement de Recherche
Fondamentale, Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale, Centre d'Etudes
Nucleaires et Universite Scientifique et Medicale de Grenoble, 85 X, F-
38041 Grenoble cedex, France
German Larriba Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
Arun Lahiri Majumder Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany,
School of Life Sciences, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235,
India
Jose P. Martinez-Garcia Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Far
macia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 10, Spain
v
vi Contributors
GUnter A. Peschek Biophysical Chemistry Group, Institute for Physical
Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
Gerald SchaUen Department of Biological Science, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, Florida 32306, U.S.A.
Rafael Sentandreu Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Farmacia,
Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 10, Spain
Hector N. Seminez Laborat6rio de Citogenetica, Departamento de Genetica,
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21.941 Rio
de Janeiro, R.J., Brazil
Preface
The broad aim of this series is to work toward "an integrated view of the cell."
It is perhaps fitting that this tenth volume, corresponding to roughly a decade
of endeavor in this direction, should cover a wide range of topics from appar
ently disparate subject areas and yet reveal a strong underlying unity of
approach in each topic. The unifying element is the remarkable extent to which
diverse biological processes can now be described (even if not fully explained)
in terms of fundamental molecular biology.
Chapter 1, by R. Douce, M. A Block, A-J. Dome, and J. Joyard, surveys
the great advances that have been made in our understanding of the properties,
functions, and biogenesis of plastid envelope membranes. In Chapter 2, G. A
Peschek deals in a most comprehensive way with respiratory membranes of
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae); his article fills a gap in the literature in a
subject that is now attracting increasing attention. R. Sentandreu, E. Herrero,
J. P. Martinez-Garcia, and G. Larriba then describe in Chapter 3 the impor
tant advances that have been made in our understanding of the structure and
biogenesis of the yeast cell wall. B. B. Biswas, B. Ghosh, and A L. Majumder
deal in Chapter 4 with a generally neglected area, namely, the role of myo
inositol polyphosphates in metabolism. They propose an interesting metabolic
cycle involving glucose-6-phosphate and myo-inositol phosphates; this cycle
may well be of general importance in many cell types. In Chapter 5, P. S.
Agutter provides an extensive and erudite analysis of current research into the
important subject of nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport; various theories are
critically assessed, and the importance of correct methodology is stressed.
In Chapter 6, G. Schatten describes in a most comprehensive way the
striking morphological and molecular changes that occur in the cytoskeleton
during fertilization. Completing this volume is Chapter 7, an extensive and
erudite account by H. N. Seufmez of modern approaches to the study of the
evolution of the human chromosome.
Readers of Volume 10 of SUBCELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY will no
doubt be impressed by the extent and rapidity of the advances now being made
on a broad front of cell biology. We are indeed living in exciting times, and it
vii
viii Preface
is hoped that future volumes of this series will continue to reflect these great
developments.
D. B. Roodyn
London
Contents
Chapter 1
The Plastid Envelope Membranes: Their Structure, Composition, and
Role in Chloroplast Biogenesis
Roland Douce, Maryse A. Block, Albert-Jean Dome, and
Jacques Joyard
1. Introduction ............................................. .
2. Structure of the Plastid Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Relationship between the Plastid Envelope and Other Cell
Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Inner Envelope Membrane and Internal Membranes of
Plastids ............................................. 7
3.2. Outer Envelope Membrane and Extrachloroplastal
Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Relationships between the Plastid Envelope and Nucleic Acids. . . . 11
4.1. Plastid Envelope and Plastid DNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2. Plastid Envelope and Ribosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Isolation of the Chloroplast Envelope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Chemical Composition of the Plastid Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1. Chloroplast Envelope Polypeptides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2. Polar Lipid Composition of Plastid Envelope Membranes . . . . 24
6.3. Pigment Composition of Plastid Envelope Membranes. . . . . . . 30
6.4. Are Sterols Normal Components of Plastid Envelope
Membranes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7. The Plastid Envelope and the Synthesis of Plastid Constituents ... 34
7.1. Origin of Plastid Polar Lipids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2. Plastid Envelope and the Synthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds. 52
8. Protein Transport through the Plastid Envelope Membranes. . . . . . 56
9. Future Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
10. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
ix
x Contents
Chapter 2
Structure and Function of Respiratory Membranes in Cyanobacteria
(Blue-Green Algae)
GUnter A. Peschek
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2. Membrane Organization in Whole Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.1. Outer Membrane and Surface Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.2. Cytoplasmic Membrane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.3. Intracytoplasmic Membranes ........................... 91
2.4. Morphological Relationships between Cytoplasmic and
Intracytoplasmic Membranes ................... 98
3. Isolated Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.1. Comments on the Problem of Separating Cytoplasmic
Membranes and Intracytoplasmic Membranes in Cell-Free
Extracts of Cyanobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.2. Composition of Isolated Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4. Identification of Respiratory Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 105
5. Cyanobacterial Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
5.1. Dehydrogenation of Respiratory Substrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
5.2. Respiratory Electron-Transport System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 114
6. Oxidative Phosphorylation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l38
6.1. Proton Electrochemical Gradients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.2. Phosphorus/Oxygen Ratios in Whole Cells. . . . . . . . . 143
6.3. Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cell-Free Systems. . . . . . . 146
6.4. Coupling-Factor Adenosine Triphosphatases . . . . . . . 149
7. Respiration and Obligate Photoautotrophy .................... 151
8. Interaction of Respiration and Photosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154
8.1. Enzyme Regulation ................................... 155
8.2. Energy-Charge Regulation (with an Excursion into Substrate-
Level Phosphorylation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.3. Common Electron-Transport Sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9. Summary... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Chapter 3
Biogenesis of the Yeast Cell Wall
Rafael Sentandreu, Enrique Herrero, Jose P. Martinez-Garcia, and
German Larriba
1. Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 193
2. Chemistry and Biosynthesis of the Wall Components. . . . . . . . . . .. 194