Student Study Guide to accompany Principles of General Chemistry

442 Pages·2006·104.85 MB·English

by  Martin Silberberg

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PRINCIPLEOSF G ENERAL CHEMISTRY
ELIZABETHB ENT WEBERG
PublishbeyMd c Graw-HiHliig heErd ucatiaonni ,m prionftT heM cGraw-HiCloim panieIsn,c 1.2,2 1A venuoef t heA mericas,
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No parotf t hipsu blicamtaiyob ne r eproduocred di stribiunta endyf ormo rb ya nym eanso,r s torienda databaosrre e triesvyaslt em,
withotuhtep riowrr ittceonn seonftT heM cGraw-HiCloim panieIsn,c i.n,c ludibnugtn, o tl imitteodn, e tworokro theerl ectronic
storaogret ransmissoirbo rno,a dcfaosrtd istanlceea rning.
Acid-free paper
Thibso oki sp rintoenda cid-fpraepee r.
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ISBN-139:7 8-0-07-325329-9
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Tot heS tudents
Thisst ugduydi ec oveirpmsot ranitd efaorsme acchh atpeorft htee xatn,d
somtmeiesof ferads f ifreenatne gf lormw hicvhi wet oca o nceSpeeti.nt ghs ea me
mateiraflrm o dai frefenptoit no fv iwe mayb et hsew cihtt ot h"el hitbg ulefbfe "c!t
Howt ou steh sitsu gduiyd :e
Stuwdiyta ph e nciilnh a n,ad nldo otfss c rappa per.
•
Use ptehneac nipdla prte ow ortkrh oguht heex apmlper oebmls.
•
Expnl( aticehaw)h tay ojuu tls eranetdoy osurelofr, at f iore .n d
•
Fidadorluend !T rtyo s oltvhepe r olbemisnm oret hnao new ay.
•
Undresatndicnogm ewsi tphr aiccaten dp erisesntce.
Tryf tomro m etnapli ctuorfte hse
• sticmkoyl ecuilnme ost ion.
Them olceurlm aodeilnys o utre xtbaoreoexk rt emehleyfl upali .d s
Review
•
Review!
•
Acknowledgments
Thasnt koD onnNae mmersa tM crGawH-iif lohrer s upporotf t hset ugduiyd e
rveisiaonntdso J, o ea nBrcahn Pda luH untefropr r voiidnmga noyft hpear ctpiorcbel ems
fotrh eend so f stthdueyg udiec haprtse.
Ig ratlelafycu knowltehsdeugg gee stainodn smc eonmftorsm m yf atrhH,e erny
Bentm,a noyfw hihcavhe b eeincn orportahotruegdh tohusett ugduydi e(o fre xample,
thteer amtenotft m eperatsucraeli ecnsh p ate1rr, ea ltnige lteorcnc oingfrutaiotnoas
periotdaibcil cneh pate8r,b onidnmgo deilcnsh aepr9t ,a nmda noyft hper aiccte
porblefmotsrh eend so fc hapter1s4a n2d2 .)
iii
Contents
1 Keyst ot heS tudoyf C hemistry,
1
2 TheC omponenotfsM atter,
23
3 Stoichiometry,
46
TheM ajoCrl asseosfC hemicRaela ctions,
4 68
5 Gasesa ndt heK inetic-MolTehceuolrayr
"MolecuilseM so tion",
86
6 Thermochemistry,
108
7 QuantuTmh eorayn dA tomiSct ructure
"Energayn dM atteMre rge",
130
8 ElectrCoonn figuraatnidCo hne micPaelr iodicity,
149
9 Modelosf C hemicBaoln ding,
168
10T heS hapeosf M olecules,
183
11T heorioefsC o valeBnotn ding,
203
12I ntermoleFcourlcaers ,
214
13T heP ropertoifMe isx tures:
SolutiaonndsC olloids,
234
14P eriodPiact terinnts h eM ain-GroEulpe ments,
257
15O rganiChce mistry,
273
16K inetiRcast:e asn dM echanisomfsC hemicRaela ctions
"ItAlbso uTti mell,
290
17E quilibrTihuemE :x tenotfC hemicRaela ctions,
311
18A cid-BaEsqeu ilibria,
325
19I oniEcq uiliibnrA iqau eouSsy stems,
348
20T hermodynamics,
364
21E lectrochemistry
"Wherteh eE lectrGoon"s,
380
22T heT ransitEiloenm enatnsd T heiCro ordination
Compounds,
401
23N ucleRaera ctioannsdT heiArp plications
ITheC hemistorfty h eN ucleus",
416
iv
CHAPTER
1
KEYST O THES TUDYO F CHEMISTRY
CHAPTEORU TLNIE
1.1 ChemitsryM,a ttearn,d E nergy
1.2 TheS ceintifAipcp roach
1.3 ChemiaclP robleSmo lnvig
1.4 MeasuremeinnSt c ientSitfuidcy
1.5 Uncertanity inM easurement
11. CHEMTIRSY,M ATTERA,N DE NEGRY
Chemsitriyts h sec nicee tdt ehaawltisht hsep ecpirfoitpcie ,eer sspieactlhlceyom positainodn
strur,ceo tfmu attrae nidt tsrn asfromatnisoI.it ns t' cah emy-smt!eW reya rael flma irlw iiatmhat et-rthset uff
thtia asl alor unuds W.h aty oum ayn obte a sf maiilawri tahrt eh tere mtsh cath emtisu sset od escribe
mattrae ntdh wea yi nwh icchhe imssv tiemwat trae sc omopseodft ipnaytir clienrs ad nomm otni.o
Chemtirisyas p hsyicsacli ebneccueas iedt e awlist" hhpy siqcuaanlt i-ttiheistn"hgtcas a bne e xepsrsbeyd
an umbefrloo lwebdy a u nti.
A chmeits'cso necrn
Whicohft hfeloo lwnigw oulldei lkcyo ncaec rhne mti?s
2
a)W atrel,ei a klmlat tref,al lasd sitanocf%e g tduirnagg vietni ,mt e.
b)W atreh aasd entsyoi f1 0.g /maLt2 5C° an1da t.m
c)W atrec abne e elcotlrtyicdaelclopymo seitdnot heel eemntsh yrdoegna nodx gye.n
d)T hfeo ruamlf row atiesHr 0 .
2
e)T hest crturueo fa m olceuloefw atrie s:
f)W aterre acvtiso llywei ntthd isumome ttaopl r oudcaeq ueosuodsi uhmy droaxnihddy erod gen
gas.
g)W atrei osn oef ptorhduec twsh enna rtaugla s burns.
(contoinnn eupxeatdg e)
Chapte1r Keyst ot heS tudoyf C hemistry
h)W ateirts h oen lpoyrd ucotfc ombutsioofnh y dreong.
i)S awlattr be oilsa h aitgr th meeperattuhrapenur ew at.e r
Ac ufpuolfw atmeorl ceuleassa l idqo ucciupieavs ol uemo fa prpoixamtley1 00g allaotn s
j)
100°C aamtnods prhipecer susr,ea sa g a.s
k)W ateirrnv i ercsa enor de ltaofn omdr c anoyns.
I) Hardw atceora nitncsa lucmai nmda gnesiiousnm.
m)W ateirasg oosdo lnvtfeo tra lbesa alntfd o tra bsluegr a.
n)W atrea nodi dlon omtxi .
Wateerx panwdhsei nfte r ez.e s
0)
p)W ateirts hcehi ecfo nsetniottfo u urb oide.s
Allt hoaefb ovmei gtc hocnerna c heimsetx cefpo"tra , "" "ka,n "d"p w hiwcohu lbdeo fm orec ocnern
toap hysigceiosltoa,gn ids ltbo,iig srotep sectliyv.e
Propteisreo fM atter
Matteirsa ntyihntgh at mahsaassn odcc upieavs ol umWee.d esrcibmeat tbeyri tpsh syilca and
checmaiplr opteisre.T hfer istti myeo fuli eladc awri tghao sliynoemu,o sltei lkmya doeb srevtaioanbosu t
thper poeritesg aosfio nleFr.is ,at sy obue ganp utmtoph geas oliinnoet t hcear y,o mua y vhena otitcheadt
gaoslihnase d asi itntoc dro.W heyno ouv rfelieltdh tena ka,n tdh gea ssp eidld olwtnh cear y,o pur boably
noticiewtda sac lrel qaiudi,b uit(t fr otnuatleyd)din odtsi solvpea nittoh fef pyaroneutr'cs a.rA st hgea s
landienadp uddolfre an iwaetr,y omui ghhavte n otitcheaidftt l oaotnte odop f wtahtee. rY oun oticed the
sigtnhaa stk yeodtu o s tpoy ouern giannerde rfafiornm s moki,sn ogy osup ceutleatdh gatas oilnies
falmmbal.e
Gasolisno dero'c,o laonrdd,e nistayr seo moefi tpsh syicparlo pteisreb ecuasteh edyon ot
ivnolivneert aicowtni tohtr hs eubtsaenscT.h fel mamabiyito lfg asoliinasec heimcparlo pebretcya uiste
ivnolvienesrt aicotnwsi tohtr hs eubsntcaeTso.r eacchte micaanlrdel rraya,n tghere a iotmsm,ol elceumsu ts
colliphdyes liycW.ah legnas oliingein t,e rsiaetc twsi tohx yegnt of omr news ubsntcaeisn clucdaribnong
doixiadnewd a t.eT rhiiss eaxnma ploefa c heimccahla ngeo rc heimclra ecation.
A phsyilcc ahnagoec cuwrhse ans ubstacnhcaen gsteasbt uent o cto mopsointW.ih ewna tre
boliosr fe rez,e suindter goaep sh yscihcaanlbg eeac usietc so mposrietmiaoHin0n wsh etrh eiitc leii,sq uid
2
wat,eo rrs tema.A chemailcc hnagoer c heimclra ecaitoonc cuwrhsea ns ubstaincsco evn ertitenoda
dfifreenstub satnceW.h einr rosunt ,is rtae ctwsi tohx yegnt of omr iorno xidAe c.h eimcal cohcacnu;gr es
irnoo xiidses ubas ntcae aws ietothfp rpoeritedsfi freenfortm i orn.
TheS tatoefMs a tter
Iwfe m akteh aess umtpitohntta waot mosc annobte a tt hsea mpel caea tt he stmaiembe,r aodly
spea,kt ihnegret harwreaeey s cmuloelmsea yb ea rnrgae:d
-.,
c::
• • •
•
• ••
•
• • •
Touchi&n go rdered Touchi&n gd isordered Nott ouching
2
Chapte1r Keyst ot heS tudoyf C hemistry
Statoefms a ttree xecries
1)T haerr angentmsem oolfe caubloervsee re psetnhtte h rpehesa eosf m attcearld l:e
Fixesdh ape Taketsh seh apoeft hceo ntainer Taketsh seh apoeft hceo ntainer
Fixevdo lume Fixevdo lume Taketsh veo lumoeft hceo ntainer
2)F owra tret,h etsher pehesa eosf m atthearv et hsepe cinaalm e: s
3)T heG reegkavse t hetsher seatet eosfm atttehrne a me: s
answre:s1 s)o il,dl qiuigda;,s i2c),we at,es rtmea;3 )e ar,wt aht,ea rri
(Ntoet htta hfeo utrytphoe fm attetrht ta hGer eecklsai sfs,if reie,d tihse rtmhael
enreg(yh tea)ab sorobrleb ide raitnpea ds igsnf ormo nset aotfme a ttteora north.e)
Whata botuhtae rr agnemtei nwnh imcohl ecaurlneeo sttuo chgib nuotdr ere?d
In1 295,A blerEtni setiann Id ndpihyasinc tSi astynedraN athB ose
hypothetshtiga zaseeudos a tmosa tn eral0yK wouladss umteh is
arrangembeunitwtt a ,s ntu' ntlit hmei -d9190tsht ta mepertauraef se w
••••
biilolnotfha d se rgeaeb ovaeb suoetlz erwoe roeb tnae,ida ndin2 010t,h e
••••
Nobpeirlz ienp hyswiacsas w radetdot hrpehyes iisc(tCsra El. W iem,a n
•••• EricA. C ornlea,ln Wdo lgfanKge tlteew)rh op uibslhtehdfer i srtpe orotfts h e
.....
ceraotnio ft ih"so Bs-eEitniescno ndetne(s"EBa C).
Enregy
What enegry? Whewne s awye f eeenlre gteiocrw, e waac natn bdayrf oqruc ike nregwye,
is.
havea ni tniutiivdeet ah eatnr egiyss omteihntgh amtae ksu sm ovaen gde ttih gnsd one. Ifnca tw,ed efine
mechainceanlre gays t hcea payct oid tow orkW.e d enfeiw okra st hdeit sanacneo bjemcotv etmsie st he
frocaect ionngt hoebj e(ctW= f d).
x
Enregoyfm echiacnsayls mtse y(ssmtesi wnh itchhre ea ern oc hangietnse p meratourcr heec mail
copmoistiiodsnv i)i dienodp t otetnilea negry( erngeoyfp oistiaonnkd) i tnciee negry( erngeoyfm ootni.)
Whewne h olabd a alblo vtehg eor unidct,o anitnpso tnetieanrleg tyh ta ciosvn ertteokd ni eteinrceg ays t he
baildslr popedT.h es umo f ptohtneet ieanrleg ayn kdni etiecnr egfyo trh bea llf laalsis cs oi ntts a:n t
EkinetEpioctia eln ctosntnat
+ =
Ast he lc boamletso rtehseetn r,eg iyns o lto siittcs, o n vertteood t rhf eomrst horugwho rakn hde ta.
Thremcohesmrtiyt,h set uodfhy e tat arnfesrerdi cnh eimcraela icot,nw sibleld isscsueidCn h atpe6r.
Scisestnk tniofwor me xpreientchttea h e regnoyfet hueni veircsseo ntsa;ne tnregcya nnboect er atoerd
destyreo.dM athmeaticwaelw lriyt: e
Eun.i vcontsnat
=
3
Chapte1r Keyst ot heS tudoyf C hemistry
Therefore:
(Euniv(,E)ufniinva,l) initial
=
(Euni-v(,E)ufniinva0,l ) initial
=
�Eun=i0 v .
whereb.E unmieavn st hed ifferebnectew eeEini naandl£i nitial·
THES CIETNIFAIPCP ROACH
1.2
Thes cientmieftihco ids a serioefss teposf teuns edt os olvper oblemYso.u h avep robabulsye d
thes cientmieftihco idn d aillyi fwei thoaunta lyzitnhges tepsL.e t'cso nsidae prr obleymo um ighfta cea,n d
thenn oticteh es tepyso ug ot hrouagshy ous olvteh ep roblem.
Youc ommutte oc lasosn a bicycalned g eta flarte atri reA.n u nobservpaenrts omni ghnte ver
notitchee t iriesf laatn ds implwyo ndewrh yt heh ilslese ms ot ougohn t hew ayh ome.H owevery,o u
obsevret hatth et iriesf laatn dy our emembesre einggl asosn t her oadY.o uh ypotheest ihzatth et iriesf lat
becausgel aspsu ncturtehdei nnetru be.
Youp lacteh ei nnetru bie nw ate(r expmeerniatn)do bservbeu bblewsh,i cshu ppoyrotu hry pothesis
thagtl aspsu ncturtehdei nnetru beY.o up atcthh ei nnetru bea,n dr idyeo urb ikteo c lastsh en exdta y.
Againy,o uo btaian f larte atri reY.o uh ypothestihzaeyt o upra tclhe akesdo y ouc hectkh ei nnetru bae gain
inw ate(re xperimeBnutb)b.l eess capfer omt hep atchs,oy ouh ypothestihzaept e rhaptsh eg luteo y our
patckhi wta so lda,n dt oa voipda tchipnrgo blemyso,ur eplatchee i nnetru bwei tah n ewo ne.
Afterri diynogu bri kea,g aitnh er eatri riesf laTth.i tsi myeo un otitchea tth et ubae lwaypsu nctures
ina pproximattheels ya mep laceA. m odeorlt ehorbyeg intsoe mergteh asto methionngt heb ikmeu stb e
causintgh ef latti reYso.u h ypothestihzaett h eriesa sharopb jeicnts itdhee t irseo,y our emovteh et iraen d
checikt c arefuflolary f oreign objectn.o tFhiinnydgoi,ucn ogn tintuoce h ectkh eb ikaen dn otitchea tth eries
nor imt apea,n da spokepo kest hroutghhe r imi nt hes amep lacyeo uf ountdh e punctiuntr heesi nnetru bes.
Youa pplryi mt apaen dr idteo c lastsh en exdta y.A ftecrl asyso,u r etutrony ourb ikteo f intdh atth eF RONT
tiriesf laTth.e n exdta yy ouw alkt oc lasasn do rdeKre vlairn®n etru bes.
Youp utt hes cientmieftihco tdo w orky:o um adeo bserviaotnfsor,m ehd ypotehsevsi a
imaginatkinoonw,l edgaen,dl ogitcoe xplatihneo bservatiroannes ,xp erinmttesos uppoorrtd isprotvhee
hypothesaensd,e ventuaflolrym ead m ode(lt hye)bo arsedo ne xperimenEtvse.nt hougyho us olvetdh e
immediaptreo bleymo,u d etermintehdan te wt echnolwoagsyr equirteoad v oifdu tuprreo blems.
13. CHEIMCLA PROBLESMO LVNIG
Unitasn dC onevsrioFna ctors
Whenw e measurae p hysicqaula ntiwtey m,u sta lwayesx presas n umbearn da unifto irtt o b e
meaningf"uwlIa. sd oin6g 0m"a yb eu nderstotoomd e an6 0m ilepse rh ouri nA mericbau,ti nG ermany,
"doin6g0 w"o ulbde p okinagl onagt a bou3t 7m ph,s incGee rmanmse asursep eedi nk ilometpeerrhs o urA.
physicqaula ntiitsty h,e refoar qeu,a ntitthyac ta nb ee xpressbeydt hep roduocfta puren umbearn da
physicuanli t:
physicqaula ntitpyu ren umberp hysicuanli t
=
x
Fore xamplieft, h em asso fa na veragceo llesgteu deinst1 04p oundsw,e wri:t e
mavcgo.l slteug=de1 e 04n tIb ,o rl eavionugtt hem ultiplinc saitgino,
x
mavcgo.l slteug=de1 e 04nI bt
4