Structure and morphogenesis of the cilia and the feeding apparatus in Paramecium aurelia

118 Pages·7.237 MB·English

by  Downing, William L

STRUCTURE AMD MORPBOGEHKSIB OP THE CILIA
ARB THE FEEDING APPARATUS IS PARAMECI'DM AURELIA
by
William Lawrence Downing
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
in the Department of Zoology in the Graduate
College of the State University of Iowa
August 1951
ProQuest Number: 10583791
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A Q m o m M m m m B
fhe writer wishes to express his deep appreciation
to frofessor Boberi &*■ King of the Department of
Society at tee State University of Iowa for hie
suggestion of tee general problem, for the use of
his personal equipment, for his aid in photography
and for his goo&^humored suggestions and criticism
throughout tee course of tee work# Appreciation is
also expressed to all the members of tee faculty of
tee Department of Zoology whose suggestions and
criticisms have improved tee style and content of
tee present dissertation*
Ill
ftam of c o m m ®
Chapter pago
X Introduction 1
Kon-dividing animal# .............. 1
Animals in division •«•••«*»•*•••• 4
XX Material# and method* 9
8
tZX » ft#*#*### ******* * *•*♦* *#****•••#
Body ** * a * * * ** *♦** *•****«•**»« 11
’ ©Alifc" * ** * * •#» * #** * *- * * * * ♦ # # **#*#*#+* 12
** * « MMb-M ** * *'♦ *-# # ■* * #!f ###*•# * :* * * 22
PfaMWfWfc #* ****** * # * « « # • * *■ •«»#«# # # « 24
*•*•*•* * • ** • t« * * * « * • * *• « • # 89
IV 51
Body la general #>.««««..*«»».#...« SI
Ollia and Basal granule* .......... 34
Mouth and pharynx .....«.«««**««.. • 38
Implications with reference to
......the phylogeny of Paramecium ...... 43
Implication# with reference to
iregeneratlon in Paramecium ....... 44
V Simtmary and eoncluslons ................ 43
Appendix A **..«••••.»»••**••»•«••«•»«»• 38
Appendix B ....................... 63
Appendix C 70
Bibliography . . . . . . . 9 9
iv
T&BSM OF fM<m
page
Plate 1 Diagram of arrangement of ciliary
meridians on the dorsal and ventral
surfaces of Paramecium aurella....... 54
Plate 8 Fear sisee of Paramecium aurella
In dorsal and ventral aspects ►*»...« 54
Plate 5 Diagrams of separation of double
eilia and separation of 'daughter
mouths during division .............. 58
Plate 4 gamers lueida drawings of pbaryagee,
maerotmslei and contractile vacuoles
in animals prepared with silver ..... 60
Plate 8 Diagrams illustrating a method of
supplying the budding pharynx with
normal ciliary rows ................. 68
fjnfJB OF 0MPB8
l«g»
Graph 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Graph 8 . 65
Graph S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Graph 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Graph 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
OF t&MM
fABTJi
X Xeblaabe of ft** ntaeber of
el lla on the dorsal and
ventral eidea of PRrmmaivaa
anrelia #*#• ft-ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ftft V* ft ft ft ft ft * « ft' *•# ft.ft!
t m » II flj# timber of cilia to the pro*
Oral iOltofO ft ft ft * * # * * « 0 * * * * e#o*#*ea#
®*bl« III -Stoea of animal* compared with
state of doubling of cilia oil
over the body * ** ****** * •** * * ** #* % *
f*bS» If Jlelebive length toem anterior
end of animal to midpoint of
mouth * * # # r * • # * * » # * # t # # * * * * * * # #
Tabl* f length of body compared -with
actual and relative length of
month «ftftftftft##«ft#ft « # ft #% # # * ft«4•* # 4 #«
fatel* VI length of animals compared with
relative placement of anterior
and posterior ends of mouths ******
fable VII She number of ni gr os in~fl lied
food vacuoles In animals of
different sisee and stages of
division and non^divtoions
taken from a single slide pre~
pared with nigrosto***#*#*•••***•♦•
fable VIII tolatlve location of division
line in animals with budding
pharynx and to animals to division*
1
x. i m m m m z m
i'r
Despite the fact that Paramecium is a large and
relatively well-known protosoon, little is Imown of tits
detailed structure of organelles on the surface of the animal,
either in dividing 'or non-dividing individuals, There ere
ewe date available concerning the onteide measurement# of
various speolos end ewe diverse estimates of the number of
oilla in non-dividing animals. The pharynx and mouth have
been described and the pharynx has been described in divi­
sion# Other than these descriptions and figures, aetoal
measurements of organelles sad histories of structures dur­
ing division are meager.
This study was intended to provide a heels for
determining normal structure of the ellia and the feeding
apparatus and for following in greater detail the preeess of
transverse binary fission#
Hast (194?) has summarised the previous observa­
tions of the body and the feeding apparatus Including the
work of Hertwig (1389), Maupaa (1838) et al. Be describes
the body as spindle-shaped with an oral groove that is
shallow and ciliated extending from the anterior end to the
center on tbs ventral side. The entire outside of the animal
£
is ciliated.
Hertwig (1889) and Waupas (1888) described the
arrangement of the cilia on Paramecium. and little has been
published to amend their observations* Malar (1608) des­
cribed the entire ciliary arrangement of Paramecium oaudatua
and furthermore noticed a basal grannie at the base of each
©111m* various authors have attempted to estimate the
amber of cilia on Paramecium with varying results* These
are summarised in Tabulae Malftt&fSf «di««d by Oppeflheimer
and Pincuaten (1988)« The estimates range in Paramecium
aurella from 980 (Maupao 1886) through 8610 (Bhrenberg 1888)
to from 10,000 to 14,000 (Schumann 1366),
The most common nomenclature for the subdivisions
of the feeding apparatus is as fellowst
1» "Oral groove* for the groove from the anterior
end to the ©enter of the animal*
3. •Testlbalm* for''the funnel-llfee depression In
the body at the end of the oral groove.
3* “Month* for the opening from the veatlbulum to
phQ8*'$Wi e
4* for the whole structure Internal
fmm
th# mouth a
ftFharyiaxtt for the ciliated part of the eytopharynx
immediately inside the mouth and holding the
rows of cilia once thought to be membranelles •
6# for the non*ciliat©d extension of
the pharynx •
7. “Pood vaeuole* for the colleotlng vacuole at
the end of the esophagus.
5
9hi* nomenclature 1* that which la used by Oelei <1*84 A
and 1*84 b) in his description of this structure. Oelei
further divided tits so-called "membranelies" In ths pharynx
intis a dorsal vlerermembraa and a tiwe*parti penicuius on tits
left aids of the pharynx. Oelei worked out the structure of
the eytopfaarynk so carefully in Paramecium caudatum that all
that IS asedsd fop Paramecium swells, is to corroborate his
observations, using a technique that brings out the pellicle
ipiiilniijp ifofun js&jh&s jtisti m if iw#
fhs eytopyge Is virtually unknown, and unfortunately
I'
It iwylftiM* with the teehniqtie* used h#ww* Gelel M s wh*
ft
lishsd <1984 b) some observation on the so-called *eytopyge
lla#®» thought to bo associated with the eytopyge,
the pre-eral and post-oral sutwe structures have
been mentioned only casually in the literature* Bresalau
(1998) shows a photomierograph that clearly deplete these
sutures* but the text of the article does not describe them.
Mention is made of them, however, by lieberman (1999) in his
study of the arrangement of cilia in different species of
this genus*
The structure and morphogenesis of the contractile
vacuoles has been worked out carefully and described in an
unpublished paper by King (personal communication) • There­
fore the contractile vacuoles are not included in the present