CCoottsswwoolldd AArrcchhaaeeoollooggyy marine NHPP 3A1: Unknown Marine Assets & Landscapes Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters Project Report For English Heritage CA Project 4132 CA Report 6655 October 2014 NHPP 3A1: Unknown Marine Assets & Landscapes STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF SUBMARINES IN ENGLISH WATERS CA Project: 4132 EH Ref: 6655 prepared by K. E. Walker & S. J. Webster date 12/09/2014 approved by J. F. Dillon signed date issue 03 This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission. © Cotswold Archaeology Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Kemble, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ t. 01285 771022 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected] 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters © Cotswold Archaeology NHPP 3A1: Unknown Marine Assets & Landscapes STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF SUBMARINES IN ENGLISH WATERS CA Project: 4132 EH Ref: 6655 Document‐Control Grid Title 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters Authors K.E. Walker & S. J. Webster Origination Date 08/11/2013 Revisers S. J. Webster Date of Last Revision 12/09/2014 Versions 3.0 Status 3rd Draft Summary of changes Text changes Circulation English Heritage (Mark Dunkley and Michael Russell) Required Action: Text checking and cross referencing File Location P:\4132 Submarines in English Waters\Reports\Drafts Approval English Heritage (Michael Russell) 2 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters © Cotswold Archaeology NHPP 3A1: Unknown Marine Assets & Landscapes STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF SUBMARINES IN ENGLISH WATERS CA Project: 4132 EH Ref: 6655 Contents Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT............................................................................................... 8 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Project Background ........................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Aims and Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Project Scope ................................................................................................................................. 9 2 METHOD STATEMENT ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Data Analysis and Liaison .............................................................................................................12 2.3 Assessment ..................................................................................................................................13 3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Pre‐war .........................................................................................................................................13 3.2 First World War ............................................................................................................................15 3.3 Interwar ........................................................................................................................................16 3.4 Second World War .......................................................................................................................16 3.5 Post‐war .......................................................................................................................................17 4 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 20 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................20 4.2 Results by Period ..........................................................................................................................22 4.3 Patterns and Interpretation .........................................................................................................29 5 ASSESSMENT ....................................................................................................................... 33 5.1 Current Situation ..........................................................................................................................33 5.2 Individual Boat Assessments ........................................................................................................34 5.3 Analysis of the Individual Boat Assessments ...............................................................................36 5.4 Allied Vessels ................................................................................................................................37 5.5 German Vessels ............................................................................................................................37 6 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................... 40 6.1 Protection .....................................................................................................................................40 6.2 Survey ...........................................................................................................................................40 6.3 Information Boards ......................................................................................................................41 7 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 42 8 ANNEX 1: INDIVIDUAL WRECK‐SPECIFIC ASSESSMENTS ........................................................ 47 9 ANNEX 2: SUBMARINES ON DISPLAY IN THE UK ................................................................... 48 3 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters © Cotswold Archaeology 10 ANNEX 3: KNOWN/REPORTED SUBMARINE PARTS/ASSOCIATED ARTEFACTS ON DISPLAY IN THE UK .......................................................................................................................................... 50 11 ANNEX 4: SUBMARINES (OR SIGNIFICANT PORTIONS THEREOF) – FATES UNCLEAR .............. 52 12 ANNEX 5: RELEVANT SUBMARINES ON DISPLAY/PRESERVED ELSEWHERE ........................... 54 13 ANNEX 6: KEY ARCHIVAL SOURCES FOR SUBMARINES ......................................................... 56 13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................56 13.2 National Archives (Kew) ...............................................................................................................56 13.3 Cumbria Archive Service ..............................................................................................................58 13.4 The National Maritime Museum/The Caird Library .....................................................................59 13.5 Naval Historical Branch (London) .................................................................................................60 13.6 Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport ...................................................................................61 13.7 Tyne and Wear Archives Service ..................................................................................................61 13.8 The Wirral Archives Service .........................................................................................................61 13.9 Images ..........................................................................................................................................61 13.10 Imperial War Museum IWM Department of Documents ............................................................61 14 ANNEX 7: A SELECTION OF THE WEBSITES USED IN RESEARCH FOR THIS REPORT ................. 64 15 ANNEX 8 SUBMARINE SHIPBUILDERS ................................................................................... 66 16 ANNEX 9 BRITISH FLOTILLAS, BOATS AND BASES ................................................................. 68 17 ANNEX 10: CLASS SUMMARY INFORMATION ....................................................................... 71 17.1 Holland, A, B and C Classes ..........................................................................................................71 17.2 D, E and L Classes. ........................................................................................................................71 17.3 G Class ..........................................................................................................................................72 17.4 J Class ...........................................................................................................................................72 17.5 K Class ..........................................................................................................................................72 17.6 M Class .........................................................................................................................................72 17.7 H Class ..........................................................................................................................................72 17.8 S Class ...........................................................................................................................................73 17.9 U/V Class ......................................................................................................................................73 17.10 T Class ...........................................................................................................................................73 17.11 A Class ..........................................................................................................................................73 18 ANNEX 11: CLASS TECHNICAL INFORMATION ....................................................................... 74 Figures Figure 01 Study Area, Showing Protected Submarine Wrecks Figure 02 Submarine Losses in English Territorial Waters Figure 03 Main British and German Submarine Builders (1903 to 1946) Figure 04 WWI British and German Submarine Bases Figure 05 WWII British and German Submarine Bases Figure 06 British Submarine Scrapping Sites (Used post‐WWI and Post‐WWII) 4 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters © Cotswold Archaeology Charts Chart 01 Distribution of wrecks by period using build dates Chart 02 Distribution of wrecks by period using loss dates Chart 03 Annual loss of merchant and naval shipping versus U‐boats lost for the First World War and the Second World War Chart 04 Deposition patterns of submarine wrecks by ‘fate’ Tables Table 01 Records Breakdown Table 02 Record Breakdown by Nationality Table 03 Records Analysis Table 04 Allied losses within ETW by Period Table 05 German losses within ETW by Period Table 06 Breakdown by Build Date and Loss Date Table 07 Summary distribution of wrecks by County 5 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters © Cotswold Archaeology Summary In January 2013, Cotswold Archaeology was commissioned by English Heritage to undertake a Strategic Desk‐based Assessment of Submarines in English Waters. Two submarines, HMS/m A1 and Holland No. 5 are currently designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 in England, while a small number of further examples are presently designated under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. The aim of the project was to inform a policy on future designation approaches to this resource by identifying the best examples of submarine wrecks within England’s Territorial Waters; thereby contributing towards the overall national programme of planned designation and ensuring that the full weight of statutory protection is given where threat is most urgent, or where future threat may be most appropriately forestalled. . 6 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters © Cotswold Archaeology Acknowledgements Cotswold Archaeology would like to thank Mark Dunkley, PAO’s Jim Williams and Michael Russell, Serena Cant and Matthew Reynolds all of English Heritage for their input, data and comments. David Farwell is thanked by the author for making his library available and for his help and advice throughout. Thanks is also extended to all of the many people and organisations who supplied data and advice during this project. Project Team The project was managed on behalf of Cotswold Archaeology by Steve Webster. The report was researched and written by Karen Walker. Sally Evans undertook initial data searches and worked on database and the GIS, supported by Andrew Baines. The illustrations were prepared by Leo Heatley. 7 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters © Cotswold Archaeology 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 1.1 INTRODUCTION Cotswold Archaeology was been commissioned by English Heritage to undertake a strategic assessment of wrecks of submarines within English Territorial Waters. The aim of the study is to inform a policy on future designation approaches by identifying the best examples of submarines within 12 nautical miles of the English coastline (Figure 1). Effective designation is reliant on the provision of strategic assessment to underpin the core functions of protection and management of, and access to, the marine historic environment in order to realise wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits. Both the National Planning Policy Framework and the UK Marine Policy Statement recognise the need to protect and manage cultural heritage in a manner appropriate to its significance. This desk‐based study will contribute to the overall national programme of planned designation and ensure that the full weight of statutory protection is given where threat is most urgent, or where future threat may be most appropriately forestalled. 1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND The background to the project, as set out in the brief (EH 2012) indicated that: at present, the proportion of vessels currently afforded statutory protection on account of their historical, archaeological, or artistic importance is limited to 47 historic wreck sites in Territorial Waters adjacent to England. This is to be contrasted to a known c.3000 wreck sites and c. 34,000 recorded losses. Only two submarines, A1 and Holland No. 5 are currently designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act (1973) in England while a further ten sites within English Territorial Waters (A7, L24, M1, M2, Swordfish, Umpire, U12, U1018, UB65 and UB81) are currently designated under the Protection of Military Remains Act (1986). English Heritage wishes to explore the expansion of the designation base by undertaking a thematic approach to the wreck resource. Submarines have been selected as a theme on account of their special technological, historical and human interest. Given their relatively recent history, submarine losses are also well documented and, particularly for Royal Naval vessels, limited in number. Data held in the National Record of the Historic Environment indicates that there are 90 identified and 19 possible submarines and a further 36 recorded submarine casualties within English Territorial Waters. As a small number of submarines are registered as Historic Vessels with National Historic Ships UK, (Holland No. 1, XE 8, X24 and Alliance), this project also addresses submarines listed on the Register of Historic Vessels. Submarine hull exhibits at UK museums are also considered. 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Project Aim: The Aim of the study is to inform a policy on future designation approaches by identifying the best examples of submarines in England within the Territorial Waters. Project Objectives: The objectives of the project are to: 1. Audit, assess and map relevant data held by National and Local Historic Environment Records; 8 6655 Strategic Assessment of Submarines in English Waters © Cotswold Archaeology 2. Identify and cross‐reference submarine hull exhibits at accredited museums; 3. Liaise with National Historic Ships UK, MoD, Submariners groups and relevant researchers; 4. With English Heritage, identify (and accurately locate through desk‐based sources) the best examples of asset types (coupled with a condition assessment of those assets most at risk through neglect, decay or other threats); 5. Recommend sites for selective investigation; 6. Provide recommendations for expansion of the Maritime Craft Thesaurus for submarines. 1.4 PROJECT SCOPE The scope of the project, as set out in the brief (EH 2012), is as follows: Submarine casualties, whether by intent (e.g. U480, Isles of Scilly), accident (e.g. K4, Scotland) or design (as in the Deadlight Fleet, N. Ireland), lie within all sectors of UK waters. This study, however, addresses only those sites in England, to include the English Territorial Waters. The potential of the resource beyond 12nm will not be addressed, though has been referred to. The research was not confined to British submarines, but necessarily included research into the development use and loss of German vessels. It also touched on the vessels of other nationalities where there was potential for the presence of such vessels to be present, including those of France and the USA. The potential for Italian, Japanese and Russian vessels was also considered, but not evidenced in the datasets assessed. 2 METHOD STATEMENT 2.1 INTRODUCTION The approach taken reflects best practice as set out by the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) in their standards and guidance for Historic Environment Desk‐based Assessment (IfA, 1994, revised November 2012). 2.1.1 Data Suppliers The main data suppliers and principal sources consulted were: Records of known and possible submarine sites, and casualty records, held by English Heritage; UK Hydrographic wreck records (accessed from Seazone via English Heritage); Records of recorded submarine losses held by relevant Local Authority HERs; Register of Historic Vessels, National Historic Ships UK; Data related to submarines held by the Receiver of Wreck; RN Submarine Museum, Gosport; Chatham Historic Dockyard; Curator of Submarines; MoD; Submariners Association; Submariners Association of Kiel; Appropriate primary sources; Appropriate secondary sources; Appropriate registered museums & exhibits; Other relevant sources and researchers. 9
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