Stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES)

191 Pages·2006·6.84 MB·English

Stand-alone hybrid renewable
energy systems (HRES)

Maria del Mar Martínez Díaz

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PhD Thesis
Stand-alone Hybrid Renewable
Energy Systems (HRES)
Autor: Maria del Mar Mart´ınez D´ıaz
Directors: Daniel Montesinos Miracle
Johan Driesen, KU Leuven (Belgium)
Barcelona & Leuven, May 2017
Universitat Polit`ecnica de Catalunya
Departament d’Enginyeria El`ectrica
Centre d’Innovaci´o Tecnol`ogica en Convertidors Est`atics i Accionament
Av. Diagonal, 647. Pl. 2
08028 Barcelona
http://www.citcea.upc.edu/
Faculty of Engineering Science
Departament of Electrical Engineering (ESAT)
Division of Electrical Energy and Computer Architectures (ELECTA)
Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 box 2445
B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
www.esat.kuleuven.be/electa
Copyright (cid:13)c Maria del Mar Mart´ınez-D´ıaz, 2017
[email protected]
https://www.linkedin.com/in/marmartinezdiaz/
Printed in Barcelona by CPDA, S.L.
First printing, May 2017
ISBN:
Academic year:
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Dedicatoria
Dedico esta tesis a mis padres.
Por su infinito amor, apoyo incondicional y motivaci´on diaria incansable.
This thesis is dedicated to my parents.
For their infinite love, unconditional support and encouragement always.
i
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank everybody that has encouraged and supported me
through the journey of this PhD work and life.
This doctoral journey is being a professional and personal life change that
started in 2009 after a conversation with Mariona Miret who introduced
me to Daniel Montesinos-Miracle, my PhD Director at CITCEA-UPC. The
professional change within the energy world was initiated with this PhD
studies that, by the hand of Antoni Sudri`a-Andreu, brought me to work in
innovation and research projects at European level side by side with Xavier
Crusat at the Catalonian Energy Research Center (IREC) in Barcelona.
The life revolution has been moving to Leuven in Belgium in 2013, fol-
lowing the invitation by Johan Driesen to visit and later work with him as
a doctoral researcher at the Electa-ESAT research group of KU Leuven and
the EIT KIC InnoEnergy activities. This revolution has made me to inte-
grate in my daily life working with universities and companies in research,
innovation,educationandentrepreneurshipinEnergyforSmartCities. This
exciting professional path is literally making me fly so often around Europe,
and even over-seas, while meeting motivated peers and smart students.
I really appreciate the confidence received by both my PhD directors,
Daniel Montesinos-Miracle at UPC and Johan Driesen at KU Leuven. I am
grateful to the UPC teachers for the insights regarding renewable energy,
smart grids and distributed energy resources, encouraging me to tackle the
topicofthePhDthesis. AlsothankstoKULeuvenResearch&Development
team for learning about technology and knowledge transfer and valorization
in multi-disciplinary teams.
It is my pleasure and honour to have on the examination committee of
this PhD thesis Mihaela M. Albu from Politehnica University of Bucharest
(UPB) in Romania, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt from CITCEA-UPC, Enrique
Velo Garcia from EScGD-UPC and EIT InnoEnergy, Josep M. Guerrero
from Aalborg University in Denmark, and Samuel Galceran Arellano from
CITCEA-UPC. I am grateful to them for being a great source of inspiration
and motivation at the last stages of this work. Thank you also to the ex-
ternal experts, Mihaela M. Albu and Juan C. Vazquez, for their review and
recommendations. Also thanks to David Tamke, our English advisor back
at IREC, for his generous review.
ii
I feel specially privileged and obliged to Johan Driesen and the EIT In-
noEnergyforthesupportandencouragementI’mhavingtomakeinnovation
happen in engineering education for the students in the master programme
Energy for Smart Cities. My sincere acknowledgement to Xavier Crusat
for jointly innovating with challenge-based courses for innovation and en-
trepreneurship in collaboration with companies, start-ups and cities since
2014. My thanks also to him for co-authoring the related publication of this
innovative methodology in engineering education at the IEEE EDUCON in
2017 and presenting it also at the EIT InnoEnergy teachers conference.
I am truly grateful to the PhD School and the support of EIT InnoEn-
ergy for the mobility, the specialized courses and attending conferences, all
nourishing a more valuable PhD thesis work. Thank you for: the 6-months
mobility at Electa-ESAT in Leuven, for the renewable bootcamp by IST
Lisbon, for the courses in business creation at ESADE, for my attendance
to conferences in Spain, Belgium, Germany, Denmark and Canada. I am
glad for having had the chance during those activities to meet and engage
in conversations about the future of renewable energy off-grid with other
committed researchers in Europe, as well as international experts like Chris
Marnay from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in USA.
I will be eternally grateful to my Leuven host family nurtured by pas-
sionate colleagues and caring friends. Thank you to Ariana for her sis-
ter’s friendship and endless conversations. Thank you to Carlos, Jeroen B.,
Hakan, Jef, Barry, Jan, Niels, Frederik, Alejandro, M`onica, Jeroen T., Juan,
Arne, Hanspeter, Nick, Jeroen S. and Scarlett at Electa for the animated
talks, the IEEE events, the drinks and the never-ending sense of humour.
Thank you to Carolina B., Tom, Bahar, Marco, Orjon, Carolina V., Mar-
tino, Wouter, Fernando, Silvia, Pilar, Carolina M., Hana and Celia as my
wonderfully leuvenitas friends. I am grateful to them just for being and
staying there for each other, always, even if we might be spread all over
different continents in the world. Thank you also to my friends in Barcelona
for their kind support and their visits at my new home in Leuven.
To my parents, Mari and Manolo, for their loving support and uncondi-
tional encouragement everyday of my life. Thank you also to my brother,
Manel, and to my sister in law, Natalia, for the enthusiastic after-dinner
discussions about technology and communication.
iii
To my love. Thank you to my life partner Ricardo for the love, the admi-
ration, the tenderness, the support and the encouragement always certainly
and without hesitation. This doctoral journey has also brought me to him.
We share the passion for engineering and energy, as well as for innovation
and education, what could be an amazing life blessing. What is more im-
portant than sharing passions, is that we share our life and future together
of love and happiness. I thank the Universe for that.
Again my thanks to everybody, whether mentioned here or present in
my memories of those years, for the support and encouragement for the
accomplishment of this PhD.
iv
Abstract
Ending of Energy Poverty and achieving Sustainable Energy for All by
2030 are global challenges for humanity. 1.3 billion people without energy
access and 2.8 billion people using unsustainable solid fuel for cooking and
heating are global challenges for human and societal sustainable develop-
ment. Nearly $1 trillion of investment is expected in the Sustainable En-
ergy for All (SE4ALL) scenario to achieve universal energy access by 2030.
Around 60% of investments will be in isolated off-grid and mini-grid sys-
tems with the relevant goal of duplicating the renewable energy sources in
the energy mix.
Access to innovation trends in renewable energy off-grid would benefit fu-
tureinstallations. ThisworkbringstolightresearchcontributionsinHybrid
Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) and related aspects that benefit these
requiredinvestmentsinisolatedoff-gridandmini-gridsystems. ”HybridRe-
newableEnergySystems(HRES)consistoftwoormoreenergysources,with
atleastoneofthemrenewable,integratedwithpowercontrolequipmentand
an optional storage system”. HRES as defined previously can be found in
the literature also under other terms such as: standalone hybrid energy (or
power) system, off-grid, remote, islanded, hybrid system, hybrid energy (or
power)system, microgrids, mini-gridsorautonomouspowersystems, among
others.
An overview on the thematic focus of research in Hybrid Renewable En-
ergy Systems (HRES) in the last decade, period 2005 - 2015, is provided.
This review covers multiple key aspects of HRES as: the main focus of the
research (technical, economic, environmental, financial, etc.); the design of
thesystem(typeofload, energysources, storage, availabilityofmeteorology
data, etc.); different optimization criteria and objective function; software
and modelling tools; and the type of application and country among others.
A methodology for searching, identifying and categorizing the innovations
related to HRES is proposed. Applying this methodology during this PhD
work resulted in a primary database with a categorized bibliography includ-
ing nearly 400 entries.
Currently, system design is mainly technically driven by economic fea-
sibility analysis focused on energy cost and return on investment. As for
environmental aspects, the beneficial impacts of renewable energy are rarely
consideredasaneconomicvalue. Regardingdecision-makingtools, themost
currently used optimization algorithms and software tools for the design of
HRES is HOMER and a case study for understanding is proposed. Fol-
lowing the analysis of most popular and relevant criteria, an easy to use
v