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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Oregon Scholars' Bank STALINIST POLICIES, INDIGENOUS AGENTS, AND PEASANTACTORS: NEGOTIATINGCOLLECTIVIZATIONINUZBEKISTAN, 1929-1932 by KATHRYN AMELIADOOLEY A THESIS Presentedto the Russian andEast European Studies Program andthe Graduate School ofthe University ofOregon in partial fulfillment oftherequirements forthe degree of MasterofArts June 2009 11 "Stalinist Policies, IndigenousAgents, andPeasantActors: Negotiating Collectivization in Uzbekistan, 1929-1932," athesis preparedbyKathrynAmeliaDooleyinpartial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the MasterofArts degree inthe Russian and EastEuropean Studies Program. Thisthesis has beenapproved andacceptedby: Julie Hessler, Chairofthe ExaminingCommittee Committee inCharge: Julie Hessler, Chair AlanKimball JeniferPresto Accepted by: Deanofthe Graduate School 111 ©2009KathrynAmeliaDooley IV An Abstractofthe Thesis of KathrynAmeliaDooley for the degree of MasterofArts in the Russian and EastEuropean Studies Program to be taken June 2009 Title: STALINIST POLICIES, INDIGENOUS AGENTS, AND PEASANTACTORS: NEGOTIATING COLLECTIVIZATION INUZBEKISTAN, 1929-1932 Approved: _ _ Julie Hessler Peasant experiences ofagricultural collectivization in Uzbekistan followed an overarchingpattern familiar from studies ofcollectivization elsewhere inthe USSR but simultaneously borethe deep imprint ofCentral Asia's unique historyofSoviet rule sincethe revolution. State control remained weak in the Uzbekvillage, andUzbek officials at the local level were forced to mediate betweenpressure from the central authorities andpressure from traditional village norms. As a result, the contoursofcollectivization in Uzbekistan weredefined as much by local specificities andface-to-face relationships as bycentral policy. Uzbekpeasants initiallyengaged in massresistance to collectivization, drawing on atradition ofcomprehensive opposition to Sovietrule on grounds ofculture, Islam, nation, and village solidarity. Butdespite theirapparent intransigence, overtime Uzbekpeasants found broadopportunities for compromise and collaborationwith the state within the malleable framework ofpowerandaffiliation in Stalin- era Central Asia. v CURRICULUMVITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Kathryn A. Dooley DATE OFBIRTH: April 9, 1984 GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University ofOregon, Eugene, OR Washington State University, Pullman, WA Reed College, Portland, OR DEGREES AWARDED: MasterofArts in Russian and EastEuropean Studies University ofOregon, June 2009 BachelorofArts inHistory Washington State University, May 2005 AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Soviet Central Asia Social History VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION: THE SOVIETPROJECTINUZBEKISTAN . Upheaval andIndigenization: Rooting SovietPower in Uzbekistan, 1917- 1927 5 Assault onPeasant Solidarity: LandReform, 1925-26.................................................. 7 II. COLLECTIVIZATIONINPRACTICE......................................................................... 16 "Unhealthy Competition" ina BackwardRegion: Strategies ofCollectivization inUzbekistan................................................................................................................ 17 "Excesses andDistortions" or Silent Subversion? Implementationandthe ProblemofLocal Cadres............................................................................................... 22 III. DYNAMICS OF PEASANT RESISTANCE................................................................ 35 The Viewfrom Above: Chronology, Scale, andForms ofPeasantResponse 37 The Viewfrom the Ground: "Enemies ofSovietPower" inMazar 51 IV. PATTERNS OF PEASANT AFFILIATION................................................................ 64 DrawingandRedrawingtheBounds ofCommunity: The Village, Women, Islam, and Ethnicity 66 TheLimits ofSolidarityandtheLimits ofCollaboration: TheClass Principle and Peasant Participation..................................................................................................... 82 V. CONCLUSION..... 90 BIBLIOGRAPHy............................................................................................................... 96 Vll LIST OFFIGURES Figure Page 1. AdministrativeDivisionofthe Uzbek SSR, 1929-1938................................................. 18 YI11 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Mass demonstrations byokrug, February 1- March 17, 1930....................................... 46 2. Shift inurbanandruralpopulations ofCentralAsianrepublics andthe USSRas a wholefromthe 1926 census to the 1939census 93 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: THE SOVIET PROJECTIN UZBEKISTAN Ifone were to attemptto quantifythe relative human sufferingthat Stalinist collectivization inflicted in the various Sovietrepublicsforthesake ofcomparison,the experience ofthe Uzbekrepublic would not stand out. Uzbekistan escaped boththe worst repressions andthe deadly famines that afflicted the Ukraineand some ofRussia's grain-growing regions. It was not even the most devastatedofthe Central Asian republics; thattitlealmost certainlybelongsto Kazakhstan, which lostovera millioncitizensto the famine thatfollowed in the wake ofcollectivization andthe sedentarization ofits native peoples.I Norwas Uzbekistan the locus ofa uniquely violent orprotracted movement ofpeasantresistance. Central Asia's most violentand categoricalanswerto collectivization, the armed bands ofso-called "basmachi" guerillas- a legacyoftheyears ofrevolution and civil war- assertedthemselves most vigorously in Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan, and only occasionallytouchedtheterritory ofthe Uzbek SSR. All ofthese elements- repression, resistance, hunger, and violence- did emerge outof collectivization in Uzbekistan, sometimes even on a mass scale. Butthe significance ofthe Uzbek case is not as a superlative exampleofstate cruelty andpeasantvictimization, though these features, too, were neverwhollyabsent. Instead, collectivization in Uzbekistan exemplified how acentrally defined, all-union policycould both follow acommon Sovietpatternand bearthe indelible mark oflocal specificities. JNiccolo Pianciola, "Famine inthe Steppe: The CollectivizationofAgricultureandtheKazakHerdsmen, 1928-1934,"Cahiers duMonde Russe45,no. 1-2(2004): 137. 2 The existing literaturedealingdirectly withthe issue ofcollectivization in the sedentary regions ofCentralAsia remains verylimited. A few Soviet-eramonographs, such as the works of AIu. Ibragimova andR.Kh. Aminova, provide essentialbackgroundinto statepolicyand its implementation in Uzbekistan, as well as abroadoverview ofthechanges Sovietpowerwrought inthe Uzbekcountryside.2 Both, however, tendto downplaythe scaleandlong-termroots of peasant resistance. English-languagescholarship on Uzbekistan has tendedto focus onthe experiences ofthe 1920s and onthe cultural sphereinparticular, withresearchby Gregory MassellandDouglas Northrop highlighting the campaign for the emancipation ofUzbek women, andShoshanaKelleraddressingthe state's assault on Islam.3 Each ofthese works discusses issues oftransformative statepolicyandpeasantresistance, and eachraises the questionof Uzbekistan's relativelevel ofintegration into the Soviet system, butthe specifics oftherural environment and the experience ofcollectivizationareaddressedonly in passing. Withinthe CentralAsian region more generally, works byNiccolo PianciolaandAdrienneEdgar have discussedthe impact ofcollectivizationinKazakhstan andTurkmenistan, respectively; butthese cases tend to reflect the specific experiences ofnomadic communities, experiences not often sharedbythe historically sedentaryUzbeks.4 As aresult, the most usefulobject ofcomparisonis oftenthe experience of collectivization inthe agricultural regions ofthe SovietUnion more generally. Thedemands and 2 A. Iu. Ibragimova, "Sotsia1isticheskoepereustroistvose1'skogokhoziaistvaUzbekistana," inOcherki istoriikollektivizatsiiasel'skogokhoziaistvavsoiuznykhrespublikakh, ed. V.P. Dani10va (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoeizdatel'stvopo1iticheskoi literatury, 1963);R. Kh. Aminova, Changes in Uzbekistan's Agriculture, 1917-1929,trans. V.A. EpshteinandB.N. Lunkov(Moscow: NaukaPublishingHouse, 1974). 3 GregoryMassell, TheSurrogateProletariat: Moslem Women andRevolutionaryStrategies inSoviet CentralAsia, 1919-1929(Princeton: PrincetonUniversityPress, 1974) ;DouglasNorthrop, Veiled Empire: GenderandPowerinStalinistCentralAsia(Ithaca: CornellUniversityPress, 2004); Shoshana Keller, ToMoscow, NotMecca: TheSovietCampaignAgainstIslam in CentralAsia, 1917-1941 (Westport, Conn.: PraegerPublishers,2001). 4 AdrienneEdgar, TribalNation: The MakingofSoviet Turkmenistan (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 2004).

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State control remained weak in the Uzbek village, and Uzbek officials at the local . collectivization in Uzbekistan, sometimes even on a mass scale. The rallying cry of "cotton independence" for the USSR, to be achieved through
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