Squid as Experimental Animals

531 Pages·1990·21.519 MB·English

by  John M. Arnold (auth.), Daniel L. Gilbert, William J. Adelman Jr., John M. Arnold (eds.)

SQUID AS
EXPERIMENTAL
ANIMALS
From L. W. Williams, 1909, The Anatomy of the Common Squid, Loligo pealii, Lesueur, E. J.
Brill, Leiden, Holland. In the illustration by Williams, the top figure of the whole squid is
oriented with the physiological dorsal surface facing downwards and the animal appears to
be swimming upside-down.
SQUID AS
EXPERIMENTAL
ANIMALS
Edited by
Daniel L. Gilbert and William J. Adelman, Jr.
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
and
John M. Arnold
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
L1brary of Congress Catalog1ng-1n-Publ1cation Data
Squid as experimental antmals 1 edited by Daniel L. Gllbert, William
J. Adelman, Jr., and John M. Arnold.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-4899-2491-9 ISBN 978-1-4899-2489-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-2489-6
1. Squids as laboratory anlmals. 2. Nervous system--Mollusks.
3. Squtds--Cytology. I. Gilbert, Daniel L. II. Adelman, William
J., 1928- III. Arno 1d , John M.
QL430.2.S66 1990
594 · . 58--dc20 90-6849
CIP
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1990
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1s t edition 1990
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
William J, Adelman, Jr. Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDS, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
Mario Alberghina Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 and
Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Viale Andrea
Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
Frederick A. Aldrich Ocean Studies Task Force and Department of Biology,
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1C 5S7, Canada
John M. Arnold Pacific Biomedical Research Center, Cephalopod Biology Laboratory,
209A Snyder Hall, 2538 The Mall, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
96822
Francisco Bezanilla Department of Physiology, Ahmanson Laboratory of Neurobiology
and Jerry Lewis Neuromuscular Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90024
F. J, Brinley, Jr. Neurological Disorders Program, National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke, Federal Building, Room 814, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892
Anthony Brown Bio-architectonics Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Bernd U. Budelmann Marine Biomedical Institute and Department of Otolaryngology,
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
Lawrence B. Cohen Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale
University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
Rochelle S. Cohen Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois
at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
Harold Gainer Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NINDS, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892
Daniel L. Gilbert Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDS, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892
vi Contributors
Robert M. Gould Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 and New
York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill
Rd., Staten Island, NY 10314
Roger T. Hanlon Marine Biomedical Institute and Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550-
2772
Francis C. G. Hoskin Biology Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,
IL 60616
David Landowne Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami
School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101
George M. Langford Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 and
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, NC 27599
Raymond J. Lasek Bio-architectonics Center, School of Medicine, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
Charlotte P. Mangum Dept. of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg,
Virginia 23185
I. A. Meinertzhagen Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada B3H 411
Monica A. Meyer Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
RuthAnne Mueller Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD. 20892
Lorin J, Mullins Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Maryland,
660 W. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
Ron O'Dor Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
B3H 411
Harish C. Pant Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NINDS, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892
H. 0. Portner Institut ftir Zoologie IV, Universitllt Dusseldorf, Universitlitsstrasse 1
D-4000 DUsseldorf 1, F. R. Germany
Robert V. Rice Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie-Mellon University,
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Helen R. Saibil Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PS,
England. Present address: Department of Crystallography, University of London
Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, England
Contributors vii
Brian M. Salzberg Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of
Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
R. E. Shadwick Biology Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
T2N1N4
Elis F. Stanley Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDS, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda. MD 20892
William C. Summers Huxley College of Environmental Studies and Shannon Point
Marine Center, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225
Carol Vandenberg Department of Biological Sciences, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106
Dieter G. Weiss Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543 and Institut
ftir Zoologie, Technische Universtlit Miinchen, D-8046 Garching, Fed. Rep. Germany
ix
Preface
The predecessor to this book was A Guide to the Laboratory Use of the Squid
Loligo pealei published by the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts in 1974. The revision of this long out of date guide, with the approval
of the Marine Biological Laboratory, is an attempt to introduce students and researchers
to the cephalopods and particularly the squid as an object of biological research.
Therefore, we have decided to expand on its original theme, which was to present
important practical aspects for using the squid as experimental animals. There are
twenty two chapters instead of the original eight. The material in the original eight
chapters has been completely revised. Since more than one method can be used for
accomplishing a given task, some duplication of methods was considered desirable in
the various chapters. Thus, the methodology can be chosen which is best suited for
each reader's requirements. Each subject also contains a mini-review which can serve
as an introduction to the various topics. Thus, the volume is not just a laboratory
manual, but can also be used as an introduction to squid biology. The book is intended
for laboratory technicians, advanced undergraduate students, graduate students,
researchers, and all others who want to learn the purpose, methods, and techniques of
using squid as experimental animals. This is the reason why the name has been
changed to its present title. Preceding the chapters is a list of many of the
abbreviations, prefixes, and suffixes used in this volume.
Cephalopods possess the most advanced nervous system of all invertebrates. For
this reason, there are a predominance of chapters on the components of the nervous
systems. Part I deals with evolution, history, and maintenance. The frrst chapter is on
evolution of intelligence. Then chapters follow on squid in its natural habitat, the
discovery of Loligo, squid maintenance and rearing. Part 2 contains two chapters on
squid mating and embryology. Part 3 includes the neural membranes. Chapters in this
part are concerned with electrophysiology of the squid axon, internal dialysis in the
squid axon, the cut-open axon, optical measurements on squid axons, and the squid
giant synapse. Part 4 contains chapters on cell biology. These are on tissue culture
techniques, squid optic lobe synaptosomes, the cytoskeleton of the giant axon,
axoplasmic transport using video microscopy, and lipid metabolism in the nervous
system. Part 5 has some chapters on the sensory systems, which are the squid eye, the
development of the visual system, and the statocysts of squid. Finally, Part 6 concludes
with integrated systems. Chapters in this part deal with the squid as a whole. Blood
oxygen and carbon dioxide gas transport to and from the tissues is the topic of the frrst
chapter in this part. This is followed by a chapter on a detoxifying enzyme unique to
the squid. The final chapter presents the integration of all the squid systems as a
whole for the functioning of the squid in its natural habitat. Due to lack of space,
other aspects of squid biology, such as physiology of the central nervous system,
digestion, and excretion, are not included.
X Preface
The frontispiece is taken from the frontispiece in Leonard Worcester Williams
classic, The Anatomy of the Common Squid, Loligo pea/ii, Lesueur, published in 1909
by E. J. Brill, Lei den, Holland.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Thanks are given to Dr. Claire Gilbert for her editorial
assistance and to the staff of Plenum Press, especially Mary P. Born, Senior Editor,
John Matzka, Managing Editor and his assistant, Gregory Safford. We acknowledge
the intramural support of the Basic Neurosciences Program of the National Institute of
Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
DEDICATION: This book is dedicated to the memory of two distinguished scientists,
who recently passed away: Kenneth S. Cole, who did the pioneering studies on the
squid giant axon, and Gilbert L. Voss, who was a world renowned authority on squid.
The Editors
Marine Biological Laboratory
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
September, 1989