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50 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM GIL1, J-M. & COMA, R. 1998. Benthic suspension LOYA, Y. 1978. Plotless and transect methods. Pp. & feeders: their paramount role in littoral marine 197-218.InStoddart,D.R. Johannes,R.E.(eds) food webs. TREE 13(8): 316-321. Coralreefs:researchmethods.(UNESCO:Paris). GOMEZ, E.D. 1980. SectionK, Porifera. Pp. 35-36. In MARSH,M.,BRADBURY,R.H.& REICHELT, R.E. 984.Determinationofthephysicalparametersof BibliographyofPhilippinemarinescience- 1978. 1 coral distributions using line transect data. Coral (Filipinas Foundation, Inc. and Marine Sciences Reefs2: 175-180. Center, University ofthe Philippines: Manila). RAYMUNDO, L.J.H. & HARPER, M.K. 1995. Notes GOTELLI,N.J. & GRAVES, G.R. 1996. Null Models onthe ecologyand distribution ofsponge genera in Ecology. (Smithsonian Institution Press: (Porifera: Demospongiae) ofthecentral Visayas, Washington, DC). Philippines. Pp. 39-52. In Proceedings ofthe 3rd National Symposium on Marine Science. II \NO,A.S.& DACLES,T.P.U. 1994.Environmental Philippine Scientist, Special Issue (1995). kPpe.y p1a5-r1a8m.eteInrs,Sclhirghatm,mt,emWpe.ra&turDey,anDd.Ts.ali(neidtsy.) REICHELT, R.E., LOYA, Y. & BRADBURY, R.H. 1986. Patterns in the use of space by benthic sfErnuiemnrgmgiyengrfrleoecfwo.uaRrenssdee,anurt4crhiAePnpatpreierlx,cFhtIoanMg4FeSMiCnaoyan,storro1pti9ic9ua4m! SCHMcBAaormHrmLiue,nriRtGei.eefPs..Coo1nr9a9l0t.wRoeCeocfomsrma5ul(2n)ri:ete7yf3s-8so0tf.ructthuereGraenadt (University of San Carlos, Marine Biology ecologyofspongesassociatedwithfoursouthern Section: Cebu, Philippines) Florida coral reefs. Pp. 376-383. In Rutzler, K. ISAGI, Y. & NAKAGOSH1, N. 1990. A Markov (ed.) New Perspectives in Sponge Biology. approach for describing post-fire succession of (SmithsonianInstitutionPress:WashingtonDC). vegetation. Ecological Research5: 163-171. WILKINSON,C.R. 1987. Productivityandabundance KREBS, C.J. 1994. Ecology. 4th Edition. (Harper oflargespongepopulationsonFlindersReefHats, Collins College Publishers: NewYork). ZEA,CSo.ra1l99S4e.a.PaCtotrearnlsRoefecfosra5:l a1n83d-s1p88o.ngeabundance LICUANAN,W.Y.&BAKUS,G.J. 1992.Coralspatial instressedcoral reefsatSanta Marta, Colombian distributions: the ghost of competition past Caribbean. Pp. 257-264. In Soest, R.W.M., Van roused? Pp. 545-549. In Proceedings ofthe 7th Kempen, T.M.G. & Braekman. J.C. (eds) International Coral Reef Symposium. Vol. 1 Sponges in Time and Space. (Balkema: (University ofGuam: Agana, Guam). Rotterdam). SPONGES, INDICATORS OF MARINE responses to sediment disruption from trawling and ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. Memoirs of the sand mining, and responses to water quality change QueenslandMuseum44: 50. 1999:-Thereisanurgent duringalgal bloom events. need for marine ecosystem indicators to facilitate Marine environmental indicators are likely to take management aimed at either ameliorating impacts or the form of well-defined ecotypes described by guiding sustainable utilisation of marine resources. characterising species presence. These species have We propose that qualitative and quantitative knownrangesoftolerancetoenvironmental variables examination of marine benthic communities will Suchaslight,current, foodsupply,turbidity,BOD,and provide robust indication of responses to short and sediment regime. They are by their very nature, long term environmental conditions, and further relevantataregionallevelandwillbesetinthecontext suggest that information exists which permits the ofabiogeographicclassificationforanycoastorshelf. creation ofa hierarchy ofindicators for establishing Theycanbefurtherrefinedby interrogationofmodels ecosystemhealthinaregionalcontext.Theseareinthe relating population structure of key species to form ofidentifiable marine community assemblages, biological and physical attributes oftheenvironment. togetherwith biomass and growth indicesdetermined O Porifera, growth, morphology, indicators, from morphological parameters associated with the environmental health, marine resources, benthic characterisingspecies foreachassemblage. Examples communities. airnedicpartoovrisdbeydftoocudseimnognosntrsaptoengtehechsaernascitteirviitsyedocfosmumc-h CM Battershill* (email: c.battershill@/iiwa.cri.nz) & R. unities. The composition ofassemblages and popul- Abraham, National Institute ofWater andAtmospheric ationstatisticsofkeyspeciesreflectecosystemdisturb- Research, P.O. Box J4-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New ances following catastrophic sediment deposition Zealand; *Presentaddress:AustralianInstituteof'Marine followingcyclones,and inresponsetomorerecentand Science, PMB3, TownsvilleMC, Old, 4SI0,Australia; 1 relatively short-term impacts. The latter include June 199S.