Table Of Content

Speaking Spanish in the US MM Textbooks Advisory Board: Professor Colin Baker, University of Wales, Bangor, UK Professor Viv Edwards, University of Reading, Reading, UK Professor Ofelia García, Columbia University, New York, USA Dr Aneta Pavlenko, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA Professor David Singleton, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Professor Terrence G. Wiley, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA MM Textbooks bring the subjects covered in our successful range of academic monographs to a student audience. The books in this series explore education and all aspects of language learning and use, as well as other topics of interest to students of these subjects. Written by experts in the fi eld, the books are supervised by a team of world-leading scholars and evaluated by instructors before publication. Each text is student-focused, with suggestions for further reading and study questions leading to a deeper understanding of the subject. All books in this series are externally peer-reviewed. Full details of all the books in this series and of all our other publications can be found on http://www.multilingual-matters.com, or by writing to Multilingual Matters, St Nicholas House, 31–34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. MM Textbooks: 16 Speaking Spanish in the US The Sociopolitics of Language 2nd Edition Janet M. Fuller and Jennifer Leeman MULTILINGUAL MATTERS Bristol • Blue Ridge Summit DOI https://doi.org/10.21832/FULLER8281 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Names: Fuller, Janet M. - author. | Leeman, Jennifer, author. Title: Speaking Spanish in the US: The Sociopolitics of Language / Janet M. Fuller and Jennifer Leeman. Description: 2nd edition. | Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2020. | Series: MM Textbooks: 16 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This textbook introduces readers to basic concepts of sociolinguistics with a focus on Spanish in the US. The coverage goes beyond a focus on language to examine how the Spanish language is embedded in history and politics, and both refl ects and shapes societal views of the language and its speakers”— Provided by publisher. Identifi ers: LCCN 2019054057 (print) | LCCN 2019054058 (ebook) | ISBN 9781788928274 (paperback) | ISBN 9781788928281 (hardback) | ISBN 9781788928298 (pdf) | ISBN 9781788928304 (epub) | ISBN 9781788928311 (kindle edition) Subjects: LCSH: Spanish language—United States. | Spanish language—Social aspects— United States. | Sociolinguistics—United States. Classifi cation: LCC PC4826 .F85 2020 (print) | LCC PC4826 (ebook) | DDC 306.442/61073—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054057 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019054058 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-78892-828-1 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978-1-78892-827-4 (pbk) Multilingual Matters UK: St Nicholas House, 31–34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. USA: NBN, Blue Ridge Summit, PA, USA. Website: www.multilingual-matters.com Twitter: Multi_Ling_Mat Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/multilingualmatters Blog: www.channelviewpublications.wordpress.com Copyright © 2020 Janet M. Fuller and Jennifer Leeman. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. The policy of Multilingual Matters/Channel View Publications is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products, made from wood grown in sustainable forests. In the manufacturing process of our books, and to further support our policy, preference is given to printers that have FSC and PEFC Chain of Custody certifi cation. The FSC and/or PEFC logos will appear on those books where full certifi cation has been granted to the printer concerned. Typeset by Nova Techset Private Limited, Bengaluru and Chennai, India. Printed and bound in the UK by the CPI Books Group Ltd. Printed and bound in the US by NBN. Contents Tables and Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1 An Introduction to Speaking Spanish in the US 1 Objectives 1 Introduction 1 An Interdisciplinary Sociopolitical Approach 3 Linguistic Variation and Language Varieties 3 Social Constructionism 4 Critical Approaches 5 A Few Words about Terminology 6 Overview of Chapters 7 Notes 8 Chapter 2 The Demographics of Spanish in the US 9 Objectives 9 Introduction 9 A Statistical Portrait of Spanish in the US 10 National Origin Groups 11 Statistics on Language Ability and Use 14 The English-speaking Ability of Spanish-speakers and Latinxs 16 The Desire to Maintain Spanish and the Sorrow of Language Loss 18 Factors Impacting Language Maintenance and Shift 21 Spanish Language Maintenance and Shift in the US 24 Conclusions and Connections 29 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 2 30 Note 31 Further Reading and Resources 31 Chapter 3 The History of Spanish and Spanish-speakers in the US 33 Objectives 33 Introduction 33 Spanish Colonization in North America and the Caribbean 36 US Expansionism and Spanish in the US 40 Black and White Legends, Hispanophilia and Oñate’s Foot 45 (Im)migration and Spanish in the US 49 Conclusions and Connections 59 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 3 60 Note 61 Further Reading and Resources 62 Chapter 4 Language Ideologies 63 Objectives 63 Introduction 63 Language Ideology Defi ned 64 v Contents Hegemony and Symbolic Domination 65 Language Ideologies: Bridging the Linguistic and the Social 68 The Consequences of Language Ideologies: Power, Politics and Policy 71 The Standard Language Ideology 73 The One Nation–One Language Ideology 76 Normative Monolingualism and the Zero-sum Ideology 80 Monoglossic and Heteroglossic Ideologies 81 Language Commodifi cation and Instrumentality 83 Differential Bilingualism 84 The Relative Worth of English and Spanish 85 Spanish as Essential to Latinx Identity versus Language as a Choice 86 Conclusions and Connections 88 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 4 88 Further Reading and Resources 89 Chapter 5 Race, Racialization and Latinx Ethnoracial Identity 91 Objectives 91 Introduction 91 Race as a Social Construct 92 Racialization 94 The Racialization of Spanish 96 Variability in the Construction of Race 97 Race versus Ethnicity 99 Race in Latin America 100 Comparing Constructions of Race in Latin America and the US 103 Migration and Racial Identities 106 The Ethnoracial Identity of Latinxs in the US Census and Beyond 107 Conclusions and Connections 117 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 5 118 Further Reading and Resources 119 Chapter 6 Language and Identity 121 Objectives 121 Introduction 121 Identities 121 The Linguistic Construction of Social Identities 123 Indexicality and Identity 132 Multilingual Practices and Identity 134 Multiple and Intersectional Identities 136 Mock Spanish 141 Conclusions and Connections 146 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 6 146 Further Reading and Resources 147 Chapter 7 Spanish and Spanish-speakers in US Media 149 Objectives 149 Introduction 149 Stereotypical Portrayals of Latinxs 150 Latinxs and Spanish-speakers in English Language Media 152 vi Contents Latinxs in English Language News 155 Representing Latinx Language Use: Monolingual Norms and Deviant Behavior 157 Constructing the Latinx Audience: Spanish Language Media and Beyond 162 Spanish in Linguistic Landscapes 166 Conclusions and Connections 169 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 7 170 Further Reading and Resources 170 Chapter 8 Language Policy and Spanish in the US 173 Objectives 173 Introduction 173 Language Planning and Policy 174 Orientations to Language in Planning and Policy 176 Historical Perspectives on Language Policy in the US 179 Language and Civil Rights in the US 184 Offi cial English 192 Language Policy in Puerto Rico 195 Conclusions and Connections 196 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 8 197 Notes 198 Further Reading and Resources 198 Chapter 9 Spanish in US Schools 201 Objectives 201 Introduction 201 A Short History of Minority Language Schooling in the US 202 Educating English Language Learners: Program Types 205 Effectiveness of Bilingual and Dual Language Education Programs 208 Spanish as a Second or Additional Language 210 Spanish for Heritage Speakers 211 Language Ideologies in Education 212 Critical Pedagogical Approaches to Language Education 219 Educating Diverse Populations: Beyond Language Differences 221 Conclusions and Connections 222 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 9 223 Further Reading and Resources 224 Chapter 10 Structural Aspects of Speaking Spanish in the US 225 Objectives 225 Introduction 225 Varieties of Spanish in the US 226 Language Contact Phenomena 230 Spanglish 231 Language Contact Phenomena Defi ned 233 Convergence? Focus on Pronouns 238 Contact between Varieties of Spanish 240 Beyond English and Spanish 241 vii Contents Latinx Englishes 242 Attitudes toward Varieties of Spanish and English 245 Conclusions and Connections 248 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 10 249 Note 250 Further Reading and Resources 251 Chapter 11 The Future of Spanish in the US 253 Objectives 253 Introduction 253 Demographics, Maintenance and Shift 254 History and Immigration 256 Language Ideologies 258 Race and Ethnicity 259 Identity 260 Media 262 Policy 264 Education 265 Linguistic Features 267 Conclusions and Connections 268 Discussion Questions and Activities for Chapter 11 269 Note 270 Glossary 271 References 281 Index 325 viii Tables and Figures Tables Table 2.1 National origin in the Latinx population 12 Table 2.2 Racial make-up of the Latinx population 13 Table 2.3 English- and Spanish-speaking ability among Latinxs 26 Table 5.1 Racial classifi cation in the US census 1790–2010 98 Figures Figure 2.1 Percentage of the population age fi ve and older that speaks Spanish at home 11 Figure 2.2 American Community Survey language question (2015) 14 Figure 3.1 A 1765 map of North America showing British and Spanish colonial possessions 34 Figure 3.2 Timeline of Spanish conquest and US annexation 35 Figure 3.3 San Xavier Mission outside Tucson, Arizona; the mission was founded in 1692 and the current structure was completed in 1797 38 Figure 3.4 Map of US territorial expansion 41 Figure 3.5 National origin groups (ACS 2017 One-year estimates) 52 Figure 4.1 Bumper sticker: ‘Welcome to America: Now SPEAK ENGLISH!’ 66 Figure 4.2 Bumper sticker: ‘WELCOME TO AMERICA: NOW SPEAK CHEROKEE’ 66 Figure 4.3 ¡Yo  U.S.A! 79 Figure 5.1 Unknown Artist, De Indio y Mestiza sale Coyote (‘From Indian and Mestiza, Coyote’). Mexico, about 1750. Oil on canvas. 31 1/2 × 41 inches 101 Figure 5.2 Hispanic origin question from the 2010 census 108 Figure 5.3 Race question from the 2010 census 109 Figure 5.4 Race question for the 2020 census 112 Figure 7.1 Sign in Little Village, Chicago: ‘American Family Insurance’ 168 Figure 7.2 Sign in Humboldt Park, Chicago: ‘Ay! Mami “Una cocina caliente”’ 168 Figure 10.1 Tacos plis! Billboard outside Los Angeles, California (September 2018) 234 ix