Sources of Indian traditions. Volume 2, Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

1025 Pages·2014·8.72 MB·English

by  Rachel Fell McDermott

S O U R C E S OF
v o l u m e t w o
I N DI A N TR ADI T ION S
MODERN INDIA, PAKISTAN, AND BANGLADESH
edited by rachel fell mcdermott,
leonard a. gordon, ainslie t. embree,
frances w. pritchett, & dennis dalton
T H I R D E D I T I O N
Sources of Indian Traditions
Third Edition
Volume 2
Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
Introduction to Asian Civilizations
Introduction to Asian Civilizations
Wm. Theodore de Bary, General Editor
Sources of Japanese Tradition ,
1958; paperback ed., 2 vols., 1964
Second ed., vol. 1, 2001, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary,
Donald Keene, George Tanabe, and Paul Varley; vol. 2, 2005, compiled by
Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann; vol. 2,
abridged, 2 pts., 2006, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary,
Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann
Sources of Indian Tradition ,
1958; paperback ed., 2 vols., 1964
Second ed., vol. 1, 1988, edited and revised by
Ainslee T. Embree; vol. 2, 1988, edited by Stephen Hay
Sources of Chinese Tradition ,
1960, paperback ed., 2 vols., 1964
Second ed., vol. 1, 1999, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary
and Irene Bloom; vol. 2, 2000, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary
and Richard Lufrano
Sources of Korean Tradition ,
1997; 2 vols., vol. 1, 1997, compiled by Peter H. Lee and Wm. Theodore
de Bary; vol. 2, 2001, compiled by Ylngho Ch’oe, Peter H. Lee, and
Wm. Theodore de Bary
Sources of East Asian Tradition ,
2008, 2 vols., edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary
Sources of Vietnamese Tradition ,
2012, edited by Jayne Werner, John K. Whitmore, and George Dutton
Sources of Tibetan Tradition ,
2013, edited by Kurtis R. Schaeffer, Matthew T. Kapstein, and Gray Tuttle
Sources of Indian Traditions
Third Edition
Volume 2
Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
Edited by Rachel Fell McDermott, Leonard A. Gordon,
Ainslie T. Embree, Frances W. Pritchett, and Dennis Dalton
Columbia University Press
New York
Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright © 2014 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sources of Indian tradition / edited by Rachel Fell McDermott ... [et al.]. — 3rd ed.
p. cm. — (Introduction to Asian civilizations)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-13830-7 (v. 2 : cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-231-51092-9 (electronic)
1. India—Civilization—Sources. 2. Pakistan—Civilization—Sources. 3. Bangladesh—
Civilization—Sources. 4. India—History—Sources. 5. Pakistan—History—Sources.
6. Bangladesh—History—Sources. I. McDermott, Rachel Fell.
DS423.S64 2013
954—dc23 2011038816

Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
This book was printed on paper with recycled content.
Printed in the United States of America
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
cover art: Album/Art Resource, NY
cover design: Milenda Nan Ok Lee
References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author
nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since
the manuscript was prepared.
Contents
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
A Note on Transliteration xxxi
Chronology xxxiii
Thematic Table of Contents xli
List of Maps lvii
1. The Eighteenth Century: Ferment and Change 1
The Reorganization of Political Power 2
Aurangzeb: Letters to His Sons 4
Shah Wali-Allah: The Urgency of Political Instability 5
Iradat Khan: Decay at the Center of the Empire 7
Rebelling Against the Mughals: The Sikhs 8
Muhammad Qasim on Banda Bahadur’s Sikh Army 9
The Sikh Religious Code: Lives of Discipline and Devotion 10
Marathas: Courtiers, Rebels, Raiders, and State Builders 11
The History of Khafi Khan and the Story of Tara Bai 12
Ahilya Bai Holkar: A Maratha Woman Ruler 13
vi Contents
The Marathas as Raiders: A Bengali Perspective 14
Forts and War: The Essential Features of Any Kingdom 15
The Reality of War for a Common Soldier 16
The Chronicle of Bhausahib: Defeat in 1761 of the Marathas at Panipat 16
Tipu Sultan: Visionary Ruler of Mysore 18
The Infl uence of Commerce 20
Bankers and Traders: The Powers Behind the Thrones 21
“Business Men are the Glory and Ornament of the Kingdom” 22
Ananda Ranga Pillai: Merchant and Agent of the French 23
Ghulam Husain Khan: The Nawab of Bengal, the Marathas,
and the Jagat Seths 24
Abu Talib: Cultural Comparisons, India Versus the West 26
On the Margins of Power 27
The Sannyasi Uprising 28
Himmat Bahadur, the People’s Hero 29
Religious Expressions, Devotional and Intellectual 30
Ramprasad Sen: Singing to the Goddess in Bengal 31
The Poetry of Nagaridas: Krishna Devotion in Vrindavan 33
Tyagaraja: Telegu Composer and Poet 35
Dayaram of Gujarat: Unchanging Devotion in a Changing World 37
Muddupalani: A Telegu Poet Advises Krishna How to Make Love 39
Shah Abd ul-Latif: Sufi sm in Sindh 41
Bullhe Shah: Neither Hindu nor Muslim 43
Waris Shah: Mystics and Lovers 45
Khwaja Mir Dard: Pain and Poetry 46
Shah Wali Allah and the Reconciliation of Difference 46
A General Approach to Legal Interpretation 47
The Causes for Disagreement Among the Schools of the Jurists 48
The Need for a Religion Which Abrogates the Other Religions 49
“Revolution in Bengal”: The East India Company 51
The Nawab of Bengal: “I Have No Remedy” 52
Richard Becher: “This Fine Country is Verging towards its Ruin” 53
Shah Abd ul-Aziz: Islam in Danger 54
Harsukh Rai’s Epitaph for the Eighteenth Century:
Recognition of the Winners and Losers 55
Contents vii
2. The Early to Mid Nineteenth Century: Debates Over Reform and
Challenge to Empire 57
Henry Derozio: Poet and Educator 60
Letter Protesting His Dismissal 61
Poem to India 62
The Decision to Introduce English Education 62
Sir William Jones: The Orientalist Viewpoint 63
Preface to the Grammar of the Persian Language 64
Rammohan Roy and the Uselessness of Orientalist Policies 65
A Letter on Education 67
Thomas Babington Macaulay and the Case for English Education 68
Speech to Parliament on the Government of India Bill 68
The Minute on Education 69
Rammohan Roy: Pioneer in East-West Exchange 72
How the British Took Control of India 73
The Need for a More Humane Morality and a Purer Mode of Worship 73
Hinduism Is Not Inferior to Christianity 74
In Defense of Hindu Women 75
For Freedom of the Press 77
The Future of India 78
Ishvarchandra Vidyasagar: Social Reformer and Champion of Women’s
Rights 79
Arguments for the Compassionate Treatment of Girls and Women 80
Nilakantha Goreh: A Traditional Pandit Takes on the Missionaries 83
Doubts Concerning Christianity 84
Rassundari Devi: The First Bengali Autobiographer Looks
Back on a Restricted Life 86
Learning to Read 86
viii Contents
Bibi Ashraf: A Young Muslim Girl Struggles to Educate Herself 90
Learning to Write 91
Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib: Do Not Worship the Dead 94
Refusing Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan 94
The Indian Rebellion of 1857: Deliberations, Fatalities,
and Consequences 96
An Attempted Mughal Restoration: The Azamgarh Proclamation 98
The Rani of Jhansi: An Eyewitness Account 101
Bahadur Shah: The Last Days of the Last Mughal Emperor 106
Ghalib’s Delhi Diary: Storm and Turmoil 108
Bahadur Shah’s Defense 109
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation, November 1, 1858 110
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan on the Causes of the Mutiny 112
Can Muslims Live in a Christian State? Ulema Who Speak for the
British in 1871 116
Sir William Wilson Hunter: Decisions of Ulema in Mecca, Lucknow,
and Rampur 117
3. The Later Nineteenth Century: Leaders of Reform and Revival 120
Debendranath Tagore: Renewer of the Brahmo Samaj 122
The Confl ict Between Sanskritic and Western Education 123
The Call to Renunciation, and a Decisive Dream 124
The Brahmo Samaj and Its Relation to Orthodox Hinduism 125
Keshab Chandra Sen and the Indianization of Christianity 126
Loyalty to the British Nation 128
The Asiatic Christ 129
An Indian National Church 130
A New Sacramental Ceremony 131
Dayanand Sarasvati: Vedic Revivalist 131
Awakening Against Idolatry 132
Critique of Islam 132
A Debate with a Christian 134
The Virtues of Europeans 135
Against the Hindu Reform Movements of the Nineteenth Century 136
Contents ix
Shri Ramakrishna: Mystic and Spiritual Teacher 136
The First Encounter with Kali 137
Meeting Jesus 138
The Deifi cation of Ramakrishna’s Wife 139
With the Brahmo Samaj 140
Swami Vivekananda: Hindu Missionary to the West 141
Sisters and Brothers of America 142
Man Is God 143
Image Worship Has a Place 143
The Kindergartens of Religion 144
Vivekananda and His Master 144
The Origins, Rationale, and Degradation of Caste 145
India and the West 146
Modern India 146
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Enlightened Islam in a British Context 147
Lessons from London 149
The Importance of Modern Western Education 150
Hindu-Muslim Peaceful Coexistence Possible Only Under British Rule 151
Amir Ali and “The Spirit of Islam” 152
Islam as an Ethical Spirit That Is Benefi cial for Women 153
Mahadev Govind Ranade: Pioneer Maharashtrian Reformer 156
Revivalism Versus Reform 157
Jotirao Phule: Radical Reformer 160
The Tyranny of a Brahman-Dominated History 161
Letter to Mahadev Govind Ranade 164
Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati: Pioneering Feminist and Reformer 165
The Plight of Indian Women 166
An Autobiographical Account 169
Tarabai Shinde and a Feminist Defense of Women 171
The Treachery of Men 171