Some Taxonomic and Ecological Observations on the Genus 'Banksiamyces'

2006·2.5 MB·English

by  Katy, May Sommerville

Contributions
Some taxonomic and ecological observations
on the genus Banksiamyces
Katy Sommerville12 and Tom May1
'RoyalBotanicGardens,Melbourne,PrivateBag2000,SouthYarra,Victoria,3141
:ResearchSchoolofBiologicalSciences,TheAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,ACT,0200
Abstract
The stalkedcup-fungus Banksiamyces isreported from 13 wildand onecultivatedBanksiaspecies.
The geographic range ofBanksiamyces is expanded to include Western Australia. South Australia,
Victoria, TasmaniaandNSW. Forty-fivecollectionsofBanksiamyceswereexamined in detail fora
range ofmacro- and micro-morphological characters. Amongst the collectionswere all fourofthe
ptoroemvainosuissl)y.dSeoscmreibceodlleBcatnikosnsiatmhaytcedsidsnpoetciaecsco(rBd.wkiatthertihneasee,tBa.xamwaecrceanansisiig,nBe.dmtaocBraonckasripaumsycaensdafBf.
macrocarpus andB. aff. toomansis. Thetwo species B. katerinaeand B. toomansisappealedcloser
than initially proposed. The strict host-specific relationship suggested by some earlier studies was
notconfirmed. Evidence isprovided forproductionofthefruit-bodyinearlyspring,andproduction
of multiplecropsofthesamespecieson theoneconeoversuccessive fruitingseasons. Apotheciaof
thesecrops areofdifferentmacroscopicappearance, with lighterapotheciabeingmostlyimmature,
and darker apothecia producing spores. This phenomenon may explain previous observations of
seeminglydifferentspeciesonthesamecone.(TheVictorianNaturalist 123(6)2006,366-375)
Introduction
The fungal genus Banksiamyces is found with a basal stipe. The four species of
growing only on cones ofBanksia. The Banksiamyces recognized by Beaton and
small, grey, cup-like fruit bodies are rela- Weste (1982, 1984) were separated on the
tively dull and inconspicuous, and perhaps basis of micro- and macro-morphological
this explains the small amount ofattention features ofthe apothecium, and each was
the fungal genus has received in compari- described from a singleBanksiahost.
son to the copious literature on its host • Banksiamyces macrocarpus (on Banksia
(Taylor and Hopper 1991; George 1996). spinulosa) occurs on the central sur-
The genus Banksiamyces was erected by faces of follicle valves and has rela-
Beaton and Weste (1982) forB. toomansis tively large apothecia, dark grey in
and the newly described B. katerinae and colour, and microscopically there are
B. macrocarpus a fourth species, B. mac- pigmented granular hyphae extending
;
cannii was described by Beaton and downthe lengthofthestipe.
,
Weste (1984). Banksiamyces toomansis • Banksiamyces katerinae (on Banksia
was first described by Berkeley and ornata)has tight clusters ofsmall, dark
Broome (1887), in the genus Tympanis grey apothecia on the lips of Banksia
,
from a Banksia collected ‘on the banks of follicle valves, lacks pigmented granu-
the River Tooma’ [the Tooma River rises lar hyphae in the stipe, and has spores
in the Snowy Mountains of southern whichare uniformlyellipsoid.
N.S.W. and flows into the Murray near • Banksiamyces toomansis (on Banksia
Tititaldra]. The only other collections marginata) has a more solitary habit,
reported prior to the studies ofBeaton and with apothecia on the central surfaces
Weste (1982, 1984) were two of ofthe follicle valves, the apothecia are
Banksiamyces toomansis (as Encoelia lighter grey, and pigmented hyphae
toomansis) examined by Dennis (1958a, extend only partially to the base ofthe
1958b), one on Banksia marginata from stipe.
Victoria and one from an un-named • Banksiamyces maccannii (on Banksia
Banksiafrom SouthAustralia. saxicola) has comparatively large
The fruit-body of Banksiamyces is an spores and asci, and the light brown
apothecium, consisting ofa fertile upper apotheciaarelocatedboth atthebaseof
surface (the hymenium), which is slightly the follicle valve and on the intra-folli-
concave or cup-like (especiallywhen dry), cletissue.
366 The Victorian Naturalist
Contributions
Seven species ofBanksia are recognised characters employed by Beaton and Weste
from Victoria: Banksia canei B. integrifo- (1982: 1984) in theirtreatmentofthegenus.
,
lia, B. marginata, /?. ornata, ZL saxicola These characters were: (1) apothecium
(formerly included in B. integrifolia), /?. diameter, (2) apothecium position, (3)
serrata and #. spinulosa (Walsh and apotheciumexternalcolour,(4) stipe length,
Entwisle 1996). Beaton and Weste (1984) (5)position ofpigmented hyphae, (6) para-
noted that Banksia canei, B. integrifolia physis shape, (7) paraphysis septate or not,
and B. serrata also hosted Banksiamyces, (8) spores in asci uni or biseriate, (9) stain-
but the collections were sterile, and not ing of ascus apical plugs with Melzer’s
able to be identified. Fuhrer and May Reagent (blue or not), (10) spore length,
(1993) mention a cone o[Banksia mar- (11) spore width, (12) Q value (individual
ginata from South Australia on which spore length divided by spore width), and
occurred both Banksiamyces katerinaeand (13) position ofapothecia on follicle valve/
B. toomansis and also that an unidentified intrafolliculartissue.
,
Banksiamyces occurs on the Queensland For each collection, macroscopic charac-
Banksiaconferta cultivated in Victoria. ters (1-3) were determined from dried
,
Fuhrerand May(1993) consideredthatnot material using a dissecting microscope
only could some species ofBanksiamyces before cross-sections of at least two
grow on more than one Banksia host apothecia (from at least two Banksia
species, but also that more than one species cones, where present) were placed in a
ofBanksiamyces could grow on the same weak (<5%) KOH solution and heated.
Banksia cone. They state that most dried Thesesectionswere examined underx 100
collections examined were sterile, but con- magnification and stipe length measured.
sidered that Tn the absence ofspores there Sections were crushed by pressure on the
are sufficient otherdistinguishingcharacters coverslip and surveyedat x 1000 magnifi-
... forsatisfactoryidentification’. cation where observations were made on
Additional collections of Banksiamyces spores and paraphyses. Slides were then
have accumulated at the National Hushed with water before the addition of
Herbarium of Victoria, particularly from Melzcr’s Reagent to determine any stain-
South Australia and Western Australia, ing ofapical plugs. At MELU there were
allowing further observations on the host some existing slides of apothecia from
range, species delineation, geographic holotypes which were already mounted in
range and phenology of the genus a lactophenol-cotton blue solution. Fresh
Banksiamyces mounts ofapothecia from thesecollections
.
Materialsand Methods weWrheemnadmeeaisnuariwnegakspKoOreIIsiszoeluatiomni.nimum
Specimens held at the National of 10 spores were randomly selected.
Herbarium of Victoria (MEL) and the Where possible these spores were divided
Herbarium, School of Botany, University equally between those found within asci
of Melbourne (MELU) were examined. and those found ejected from the asci
Amongthesecollections,thosethatdid not (free). A onetailed t-testassumingunequal
include sufficient data about location, the variance was conducted to determine if
Banksia host, or the exact date ofcollec- spores found within asci were smallerthan
tion were excluded. Holotypes for B. those found free.
katerinae, B. macrocarpus and B. maccan- Maps ofthe distribution ofthe different
nii also were examined, aswere two ofthe species were produced and compared to
three authentic specimens used by Beaton maps ofthe host range. Where possible,
and Weste (1982) in their redescription of the identity of the Banksia host was
B. toomansis, and a paratype ofB. macro- checked and confirmed. Where insufficient
carpus (MEL 2022388). In total 45 collec- host material existed, the host identity
tionswerestudied(Appendix A). assigned by the collector was compared to
Before determining the specificity ofthe the known range ofthe host species. Ifthe
fungus-host relationship, fungi were identi- two correlated then the identity assigned
fied and grouped using the morphological by thecollectorwasaccepted.
Vol. 123 (6) 2006 367
Contributions
Results Some apothecia were pale grey and some
Banksiamyces occurred on 14 species of were much darker, to charcoal grey or
Banksia, from southern New South Wales, blackish-brown. Ofparticular note was the
Victoria, South Australia and south-west- relationship between the external colour of
ern Western Australia(Appendix A). All of Banksiamycesapothecia and theirmaturity.
the Banksia cones appeared to be wild-col- Apothecia in 20 collections were light grey
lected, with the exception ofone cultivated in colour. Ot these collections, 16 had no
Banksiabaxterifrom Cranbourne, Victoria. spores present and two had spores present
Sixteen of the 45 collections of only in asci. By contrast, collections with
Banksiamyces examined were found to be charcoal grey to blackish-brown apothecia
immature (without spores, or occasionally always had spores present within the asci
with only a few spores in asci and none and some spores free. There were three
free). The one collection from Banksia collections which had at least one cone on
menziesii and the two collections from B. which both a cluster of light grey and a
serrata were all immature, as were nine of clusterofdarkgrey apothecia were present
the 14 collections on B. marginala and (MEL 2019585, MEL 2063135 and MEL
four ofthe seven from B. spmulosa. All 2022284) (Fig. 2). These clusters were
collections on the remaining ten host analysed separately as far as spore charac-
species (B. baxteri, B. canei, B. integrifo- ters. Once again, in comparison to darker
iia, B. nutans, B. occidentalis, B. ornata, apothecia on the same cone, light apothe-
B. pulchella, B. saxicola, B. speciosa and cia had eitherno spores at all, or had more
B. sphaerocarpa)weremature. spores in theasci than were free.
Distribution maps of Banksiamyces Spores located within asci were found to
species (Fig. 1) are based on fertile speci- be markedly smaller than those observed
mens; among the sterile collections exam- floating free in the mounting medium.
ined,twowere fromTasmania. Across all collections, spores located within
Fig. 1. DistributionofBanksiamycesspecies,basedon fertilematerialonly.a.B. katerinae(filled
square)andB. maccannii(opensquare); b.B. macrocarpus(filledtriangle)andB. aff.macrocarpus
(opentriangle);c.B. toomansis;d.B. aff.toomansis.
368 The Victorian Naturalist
Contributions
taxa, each with affinities to one of the
named taxa. Immature collections could
not be identified with certainty, and the
followingrefersonlyto maturecollections.
All collections found on Banksia spinu-
losa were distinguished by their large
apothecia diameter, long stipe and pig-
mented hyphae extending from the base of
the hymenium to the base ofthe stipe.
Spores were often smaller with a cylindri-
cal shape(reflected in the higher Q value).
These features, as well as the host species,
accord well with the description of
Banksiamyces macrocarpus (Beaton and
Weste 1982).
Most collections found on Banksia saxi-
cola had the characteristic large spores of
Banksicimyces macc-annii as described by
Beaton and Weste (1984). Mean spore
dimensions are quite separate from those
ofthe othertaxa(Fig. 4). These specimens
were also distinguished by a lack ofpig-
mented hyphae inthestipe.
Fig.2. Light(upper)and dark(lower)apothecia One collection, also growing on Banksia
BoafnBkasnikasmiaarmgyicneaslato(oMmaEnLsi2s01o9n58t5h)e.one cone of saxicola(Table 1,MEL 2022131, Banksia-
asci had a mean length of5.5 pm which mspyocreessatfhf.anmaBcarnokcsairapmuysce),shmaadccfaarnnsimiallaenr
were significantly shorter than free spores extremely large apothecium diameter, p,ig-
which had a mean length of 6.7 pm (t= - mentedhyphaeextendingtothebaseofthe
7.496, df= 401, P= 0.000). Spores within stipe and a large stipe reminiscent of B.
asci also had a significantly smaller width macrocarpus. This collection is considered
than those found free (t= -5.817, df= 401, to be closest to B. macrocar-pus differing
P= 0.000). Spores foundwithin asci had a in the spores which are slightly, broader,
mean width of2.6 pm compared with free and hence with a lower Q value than
spores which had a mean width of3.2 pm. recorded for B. macrocarpus. The small
It appears that either the spores located number of collections of Banksiamyces
within asci had yet to mature to their full macrocarpus from Banksia spinulosa
and final size, or the mounting medium available for study means that with more
causes swelling ofthe spores. For consis- collections, the range ofvariation ofspore
tency, our analyses used only measure- size and shape may well extend to encom-
mentstaken from free spores. pass the dimensions ofspores from the B.
Collections ofBanksiamyces were made saxicolacollection.
inall months, but mostcommonly inspring Eleven collections on eight different
to late summer (Fig. 3). Herbarium collec- Banksia hosts were assigned to
tions do not accumulate from systematic Banksiamyces toomansis on the basis of
surveys andthereforethenumberofcollec- relatively small spore si,ze (particularly
tions per month is merely an indicator of smaller spore width), and pigmented
collector activity. However, it is apparent hyphae which extended only part ofthe
that immature collections were nearly all way towards the stipe base. Among the
found in latewinterandspring. collections was one examined by Beaton
Using six characters showing significant andWeste(1982), from ‘Chappie Vale’.
variation, collections were grouped intosix All five collections on Banksia ornata
taxa(Table 1), fourofwhich corresponded were consistent with Banksiamyces kateri-
to the species described by Beaton and nae as described by Beaton and Weste
Weste (1982; 1984), with two un-named (1982). Differences between B. katerinae
Vol. 123 (6) 2006 369
Contributions
and B. toomansis were far subtler than the mented hyphae stretched tothe base ofthe
differences between B. maccannii and B. stipe. Also in contrast to B. toomansis no
macrocarpus. Banksiamyces katerinae has apothecia were observed on the lips of,the
slightly larger spores than B. toomansis seed follicle.
(Table 1 and Fig.4). However, it should be In identifying collections, some of the
noted that the spore dimensions which we characters that were recorded appeared to
recorded for the holotype ofB. katerinae vary randomlyacrossorwithin collections,
(6.30 x 3.10 pm) also fall within therange or showed little variation within the genus.
ofvariation ofB, toomansis (see Table 1). These included paraphysis shape, whether
In the same way, the apothecium sizeofB. or not paraphyses were septate, the posi-
katerinae is slightly smaller than B. tion ofthe spores in the asci, and the blue
toomansis, but the two species show over- staining or otherwise ofapical plugs with
lap for this character. In fact, both these Melzer’s reagent.
species overlap for all other characters. The geographic range of the genus
They are both unique in being the only Banksiamyces shows a decided southern
species to show pigmented hyphae extend- Australian bias (Fig. 1). Within the genus,
ing only part way down the stipe and hav- B. toomansis appears to have the widest
ing apothecia sometimes growing on the distribution. By contrast, B. maccannii
lips ofthe follicle valves. On the basis of (being limited to the host Banksia,
its spore width (3.60 pm), which was saxicola) is restricted to the Grampians,
wider than in any ofthe collections ofB. one of the two sites in Victoria where its
toomansis, one collection growing on host Banksia grows (the other is Wilsons
Banksia integrifolia (MEL 2022166) was Promontory).
alsoassignedtoBanksiamyceskaterinae.
Four collections found on the cones of Discussion
Banksia marginafa and B. canei were Taxonomy
assigned to Banksiamyces aff. toomansis Six Banksiamyces taxa were distin-
(Appendix A, Table 1). While the spores guished, four ofwhich match the species
ofthis group fell well within the limits of already described by Beaton and Weste
Bo.ftthoeomcaonlsliesct,itohness(t3i.p7etwoas4.5lonmgme,r iinntchorne-e (1B9a8n2k;si19a8m4y)c.es maccannii and B. macro-
trast to the maximum of 2.2 mm for B. carpus are well characterised by the large
toomansis), and, unlike B. toomansis, pig- csipaoroefs othfethleatfteorr,mewritahndpitghmeelnatrgeedrahpyopthhaee-
Monthofcollection
Fig.3.FrequencydistributionformonthofcollectionofBanksiamyces.
370 The Victorian Naturalist
j '
Contributions
grand
hymenium
the intra-follicle &
byof
on
base =
c
parentheses
from
valve, •b-j)—«
in way a- cl
partfollicle
followed
of
extendingbase
provided, on
1= b=
is
lips,
matrix),
collections valve o g=
-<CL> c
gelatinous
follicle <N
different VO
in on QJ CC
=
a
hyphae
across
position: p
means(hyaline a
of
Apothecia VO
hyphae
range
the
pigmentedstipe. -C <N VO rN ro oo
measurements,0n=obotasfoe -g<oCOCctuOf-T£•w3\Ac—^Dy. "•rrvX—tbnqmrrOvrXqnvd- cTO—Xdv;oTpXvf tovomX—od'-—o^oXo (puXNd (o^OXN•o<rcX-~qNq) (<rmVOXNN4OOi ou(pvrXqNd-
For 2OJ vd vd i/d
position:hymenium a
taxa.
iamyceshyphaeobafse aR •2trRoo-OqR2> -•B1c22o gtR1o 1Vcjo baxteriintegrifoimarginalnutansoccidentcpulchellcspeciosasphaeroc '5R2>.<R1R3
Banks from <3 oqcq CQ CQ aq cqQqoqQqQqQqQqQq oqcq
Pigmented
separating extending VO m —
2=
collections.
base, 5
Charactersall
5
stipe R
1. across g
R
Table meantowardstissue. aRQq oq oarq CQ CCOQ>
.
Vol. 123 (6) 2006 371
Contributions
i4
g
u*
B. katerinae
oQ. rsV B. maccannii
A
•c2 AB. macrocarpus
# AB. affmacrocarpus
A
•B. toomansis
OB. afftoomansis
6 8 10 12
Meansporelength (pm)
Fig. 4. Spore dimensionsofBanksiamyces species. Each point is the mean foran individual collec-
tion,basedonmeasurementsoffreespores.
extending to the base ofthe stipe. Each of towards the description of B. katerinae.
these species is known only from one host Both B. katerinaeand B. toomansis require
Banksia. In contrast, B. toomansis and B. further examination to determine their sta-
katerinae clearly require further analysis. tus in relation to one another. We consider
The overlap between B. toomansis and B. that any swelling in themounting medium
katerinae forcharacters such as spore size, would be uniform, and thus not affect the
apothecia diameter, stipe length and pig- comparability ofmeasurements from with-
mented hyphae position, would suggest in our study. We acknowledge that further
that these two species are closer than was studies on the effect of maturity and
originally thought. While collections ofB. mounting medium on spore size would be
katerinae generally had broader spores (as instructive.
suggested by Beaton and Weste 1982), Two taxa of Banksiamyces encountered
spores measured from the B. katerinae in this investigation did not lit within the
hoJotype fell well within the limits ofB. four species already described by Beaton
toomansis The separation of these two and Weste (1982; 1984). While these taxa
.
species is made even more problematic appear distinct, further w'ork is required to
when it is considered that the spore mea- determine if these groups warrant separa-
surements used by Beaton and Weste tion at the species level, or can be accom-
(1982) in their description ofB. toomansis modated within the known species if the
weretaken only from sporeslocated within limits of variation of characters are
the asci. Indeed when the B. toomansis expanded. For example, if collections
authentic specimen was examined, no free assigned to Banksiamyces aff. toomansis
spores could be found. We found that were accepted as B. toomansis then that
,
spores within Banksiamyces asci were sig- species would have stipes varying from
nificantly smaller than those found free. short to long and pigmented hyphae vary-
Spore measurements taken from the B. ing from extending partially to fully to the
toomansis authentic specimen are most stipe base. At present, within each of the
likely smaller than would be so for mature fourdescribed species, all collections have
spores ofthe same specimen. Consequen- the same pattern for the extent ofthe pig-
tly, a largerspore size for the B. toomansis mentedhyphae inthe stipe.
authentic specimen can be hypothesized, Several ofthe characters used by Beaton
andthiswouldmovethe speciescloserstill and Weste (1982; 1984) in theirdescription
372 The Victorian Naturalist
Contributions
ofthe four Banksiamyces species did not of Banksiamyces can grow on the one
appeartodifferentiateanyofthespecies. In Banksia cone at the same time (Fuhrerand
particular, the position ofthe apothecia on May 1993) - B. katerinae and B. tooman-
the Banksia cone may be more influenced sis on the one coneofBanksiaornata and
,
by the structure ofthe cone than by some B. toomansis and B. maccannii on the one
feature ofthe Banksiamyces species itself. cone ofBanksiasaxicola. Fuhrer and May
This contention is partially supported by (1993) did not utilise spore measurements
the observation that Banksiamyces aregen- foridentification ofBanksiamyces species.
erally more common on parts of the Therefore, an alternative explanation is
Banksia follicle valves where the tomen- thattheoccurrence oftwo types ofapothe-
tum has eroded rather than on the hard cia on the same cone reflects two different
glabroussurfacesofthecone. crops ofthe same species each from a dif-
Further studies on the taxonomy ofthe ferent fruiting season (perhaps annual
genus are required. Given the few charac- crops). This explanation is supported by
ters which show significant variation, and our observations that, in general, lighter
the difficulty of identifying many collec- apothecia lacked spores while darker
tions due to sterility, delimitation of apothecia were all fertile and, in particular
species would benefitfrom analysisofbio- by observations that wherea Banksia cone
chemical and molecular characters. If had two different types ofapothecia grow-
species can be grown in pure culture, cul- ing on it, the lighter grey apothecia were
tural charactersalsomay beofassistance. usually immature (the new crop), whereas
the spatiallyseparate darkergreyapothecia
Ecology
growing on the same cone were mature
Banksiamyces remains known only from
(possibly the previous year’scrop). Dennis
Banksia. The number of Banksia host (1958b) noted that a collection of
species from which the fungus is known Banksiamyces toomansis from September
has been increased to 14. The existence of was immature, while one from June had
more than one species on the same host abundant free spores and mostly empty
hasbeen confirmedwith the presenceofB. asci, but did not relate this to apothecium
maccanniiand the much smaller-spored B. colour. Our observations suggest that
aff. macrocarpus on different collections apothecia colour (as far as the contrast
ofBanksiasaxicola. Theoccurrenceofone between light grey and charcoal grey to
Banksiamyces species on multiple Banksia blackish-brown) is a function ofthe matu-
hosts (up to eight hosts for Banksiamyces rity ofthe fruiting body ratherthan a basis
toomansis), and the occurrence ofmore on which to separate different species
than one Banksiamyces species on the
within thegenus.
same Banksia host, demonstrates that a It is not known how long Banksiamyces
strict host specific relationship between fruit bodies persist on the Banksia cone.
Banksia and Banksiamyces does not exist Thus thetime ofcollection doesnot neces-
at the species level. While certain groups sarily reflect the timeoffirstappearance of
show preference for particular hosts. B.
the fruit bodies. Nevertheless, thepresence
macrocarpus appears to be the only ofimmature fruit bodies predominantly in
species found exclusively on one Banksia the period from late winter to spring
species, and it does not share this Banksia (August to November) does suggest that
host with any other Banksiamyces species. this may be the time of fruit body initia-
Even for this Banksiamyces, the collection tion. Longitudinal studiesofBanksiamyces
assigned to B. aff. macrocarpus eventually life history arc required to confirm this,
may prove to be B. macrocarpus, which and would also assist greatly in determin-
would then extend the host range to ing how clusters ofapothecia ofdifferent
Banksiasaxicola.
colouroriginate.
Amongst collections examined in this The collections examined expand the
study, there were no instances oftwo dis- geographic range ofBanksiamyces within
tinct Banksiamyces taxa growing on the Victoria as well as further into southern
same Banksia cone. Nevertheless, it has New South Wales, South Australia,
been suggested that more than one species Western Australia and Tasmania. On cur-
Vol. 123 (6) 2006 373
1
Contributions
rent knowledge, Banksiamyces is restricted Botanic Gardens Melbourne. Roger Riordan is
to southern Australia, although Banksia gratefullythankedforthisopportunity.
occurs in far north Western Australia, far References
north Northern Territory, and along the BeatonGandWeslcG(1982)Bunksiarnycesgen.nov.,
entire eastern seaboard to far north a discomvceteon dead Banksiacones. Transactions
Queensland (Taylor and Hopper 1991; oftheBritishMycologtcalSociety79,271-277.
aGletohroguegh1t9h9e6)d.isIttriisbuitnitoenreosftkinngotwonnBoatnektshiaat BeBTaratanonknssaicGatimaoynncsdesoWfcotsnhieBeBarnGiktsi(si1ha9M8sy4ac)xoilcAaoglniacea(wlPrsSooptceeicaeicteeysae8)o3..f
Bhoasntkssieaxmtyecnedss hsausbsyteatnttioalbleyffouurnthderinnotrhtehs.e Be5fr3rk3oe-ml5e3Qy5u.eMe.nlsalnadndBarnodomoteheCrEpa(rt1s88o7f)ALuissttraloifa:Fuwnigtih
regions. For example, Banksia integrifolia descriptionsofnew species Part 111, Transactions
extends to southern Queensland and there oftheLinnean SocietyofLondon, series 2, 2, 217-
226.
arepopulations ofB. spinulosaas farnorth Dennis RWG (1958a) New or interesting Australian
akFsunrottwhhenerMhososustrssvmeayansdntodhfirstothrueigchntouuomtferQtohuueesernBasanlngakensdio.af DedA1niu3nss,tci3ros2am1ly-icR3ac5nWt8e.GHse.lKo(te1iwa9l5eB8subll)aentdiCnrOi1st9ti5rc7oa,pla3l9en7so-.t3e9Fs8e.wonBulsloetmien
speciesonwhich Banksiamyces isyettobe Fuhrer B and May T (1993) Host specificityofdisc-
foundwillbeofinterest. fVuincgtioriianntNhaetugreanliusstB1a10n,ks7i3-a7m5y.ces on Banksia. The
Acknowledgements GeorgeAS(1996)TheBanksiaBook,3ed.(Kangaroo
Press:Kcnthurst)
Teresa Lebel gave valued technical advice and Taylor A and Hopper S (1991) The Banksia Atlas.
guidance, Barbara Archerprovidedthe Western (BureauofFloraandFauna:Canberra)
Australian collections (the quality ofwhich Walsh NG and Lntwislc TJ (eds) (1996)Flora of
made this investigation markedly easier), Pam Victoria,vol.3.(InkataPress:Melbourne)
and David Catcheside provided material from
South Australia, and David Milne and Marco
Durettoprovided critical commentsontheorigi-
nal manuscript. Research forthispaperwascar- Received2February2006;accepted12October2006
riedoutwhile KatySommervillewastherecipi-
ent ofthe Jim Willis Studentship at Royal
Appendix.CollectionsofBanksiamycesexamined.
Herbariumno. Banksiahost State Locality Dateof
Collection
Banksiamyceskaterinae
Holotype* ornata VIC Grampians,MtZero 24.x.1964
MEL2070194 ornata SA Naraeoorte 29.V.1999
MMEELL21002524512616 ionrtneagtraifolia VVIICC WWyiplesrofnesldPr,oBm.l,acMktFlOabteron 91.6x.ii.x.19189968
MEL2022168 ornata VIC Wyperfeld 16.vi.1961
MEL2022184 ornata VIC Grampians, MtZero 24.x.1964
Banksiamycesmaccannii
Holotype* saxicola VIC Grampians,MtWilliam 5.L1984
MEL2068724 saxicola VIC Grampians,MtWilliam 18.v.1975
MMEELL22009900336698 ssaaxxiiccoollaa VVIICC GGrraammppiiaannss.,MVitctWoirlilaiRaamnge 1123..ii..22000000
Banksiamycesmacrocarpus
Llolotype* spinulosa VIC Tonimbuk 26.iv.1981
MMEELL22009202336868 ssppiinnuulloossaa VVIICC BWearebnuarkton East 91.3v.iiii..2109800
Banksiamycesaffmacrocarpus
MEL2022131 saxicola VIC Grampians,VictoriaRange 11.xii.1966
Banksiamycestoomansis
Authentic marginata VIC Otways,ChappieValearea 16.vi.1963
B. toomansis I*
MEL2090367 integrifolia NSW BlueMountains nodate
MMEELL22001292518754 mmaarrggiinnaattaa VSIAC LKaannggwaarroroinIsFllaonrdaReserve 2188..xx.i.11998853
374 The Victorian Naturalist
1 1
Contributions
Appendixcont'd.
Herbarium no. Banksiahost State Locality Dateof
Collection
MEL2051421 sphc.erocarpa WA 12kmSEBusselton l.viii.1998
MMMMMMEEEEEELLLLLL22222205000095556507773705515517737735546 ppsonbuupcaullcxetccitcahhdeineeerosnllistllaaaalis WWWWVWIAAAAAC CMMMMMrtttttanMMMMMbeeeeerrrrroiiiiiuvvvvvraaaaanllllleeeeee,,,,,Ro22222y00000akkkkklmmmmmBEoEEEE.....taEEEEEnsssssipppppceeeeeGrrrrraaaaaannnnnrcccccdeeeeeens 9S3311..056ii1...iii.iiviiii..ii..i1.11.199919199999977797975
Banksiamycesaff toomansis
MEL2070196 canei VIC OmeoHwy nodate
MEL2090370 marginata VIC Blackwood 2.vi.199
MEL2017890 canei VIC E. Highlands,NunniongPlateau 13.xi.1964
MEL2022165 marginata VIC Otway Plain,Kennedy’sCreek 26.xi.1961
Banksiamycessterileorimmaturecollections
Authentic marginata VIC WongaParknearGellibrand 17.V.1965
B. toomansis2*
MEL2091608 marginata VIC BetweenPenolaandCasterton 21.ix.2000
MEL2101859 spinulosa VIC WilsonsProm. 21.ii.2002
MEL2017887 serrata VIC EastGippsland,HoweHill 2.xi.l969
MEL2017889 spinulosa VIC WilsonsProm., LillyPillyGully 30.ix.1973
MEL2019581 marginata VIC Grampians,Serra Range 4.xi.l992
MEL2022121 marginata VIC Between Bullengarook 8.xi.l964
and Blackwood
MEL2022162 menziesii WA BullsbrookEast 25.x.1977
MEL2022164 spinulosa VIC LastGippsland, HoweRanges lO.xi.1969
MEL2022172 spinulosa VIC WilsonsProm., LillyPillyGully 4.xi.l980
MEL2022173 marginata VIC Wilson’sProm., LillyPillyGully 30.ix.1973
MEL2022176 marginata VIC Wilson’sProm.,SealersCove 30.x.1964
MEL2022179 marginata TAS LakeStClair,CynthiaBay Possibly
977
MMEELL22003222719850 smearrrgaitnaata VVIICC GDruatmspoinaDnso,wnVsi,ctnoeriaarRSaalnege 212il...v1xiii.i1.9179471
MEL227981 marginata TAS FlindersIs.,Whilemark 31.viii.199
* AlltypesandauthenticmaterialcitedareheldatMELU.Collectiondetailsareasfollows:
HolotypeB. macrocarpus-Coll.B. Fuhrer(G. Beaton418, EO0620).
HolotypeB. maccamii-Coll. I. McCann(G.Beaton420,EO0622).
HolotypeB. katerinae-Coll.K. Beaton(G. Beaton268, EO0433).
Authentic specimen B. loomansis 1, cited by Beaton and Weste (1982) - Coll. G. Beaton 40 (EO
0411).
Authentic specimen B. toomansis 2, cited by Beaton and Weste (1982)-Coll. G. Beaton, no num-
ber. LocatedinpacketwithG. Beaton40(EO0411).
OneHundredYearsAgo
EXCURSIONTOWILSON’SPROMONTORY
Reptileswerepoorlyrepresented. Theonly snakesseen were Copper-heads,Denisoniasuperba,
aspeiesalso foundin New South WalesandTasmania. Onopeningoneofthosekilledwefound
in the stomach a small lizard, Liolepisma guichenoti, a small frog, and two earthworms.
Although I have often examinedthecontentsofthestomach ofourlargersnakes this isthe first
instance in which I have found earthworms. All specimens were in good preservation, and had
evidentlybeenbutrecentlyswallowed.
From The VictorianNaturalistXXII p202,March8, 1906
Vol. 123 (6) 2006 375