Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants: Volume 2 — Angiosperms

511 Pages·1995·16.47 MB·English

by  S. S. Gosal

SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN WOODY PLANTS
FORESTRY SCIENCES
Volume 46
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Somatic Embryogenesis
in Woody Plants
Volume 2 - Angiosperms
Edited by:
S. MOHAN JAIN
Department of Plant Production, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
PRAMOD K. GUPTA
Weyerhaeuser Inc., Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A.
and
RONALD J. NEWTON
Department of Forest Science, Texas A & M University, College Station,
Texas, U.S.A.
SPRJNGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Somatic erabryogenesls 1n woody plants / edited by S. Mohan Jain,
Praraod K. Gupta, Ronald J. Newton.
p. en. — (Forestry sciences ; v. 46)
Includes Index.
ISBN 978-94-010-4220-8 ISBN 978-94-011-0491-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-0491-3
1. Trees—Mlcropropagat 1on. 2. Woody p 1 ants~M1 cropropagat 1 on.
3. Plant tissue culture. I. Jain, S. Mohan. II. Gupta, Prarnod K.
III. Newton, Ronald J. IV. Series: Forestry sciences (Dordrecht,
Netherlands) ; v. 46.
SD403.5.S66 1995
635.9'77-dc20 94-18512
ISBN 978-94-010-4220-8
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1995
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any
other information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright
Table of Contents
General Preface VB
Preface to Volume 2 IX
Acknowledgements Xl
List of Abbreviations xiii
11.1. Somatic embryogenesis in Citrus species
S.S. Gosal, M.l.S. Gill and H. Grewal 1
11.2. Somatic embryogenesis in Eucalyptus
E.M. Muralidharan and A.F. Mascarenhas 23
11.3. Somatic embryogenesis in bamboo
S.H. Woods, J.E. Woods and G.B. Collins 41
11.4. Somatic embryogenesis of Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa
beecheyana and Sinocalamus latiflora
W.-c. Chang 53
11.5. Somatic embryogenesis in oak (Quercus spp.)
V. Chalupa 67
11.6. Somatic embryogenesis in Populus spp.
C.H. Michler 89
11.7. Somatic embryogenesis in walnut (Juglans regia)
J.E. Preece, G.H. McGranahan, L.M. Long and C.A. Leslie 99
11.8. Somatic embryogenesis in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Mull.
Arg.)
M.P. Carron, H. Etienne, L. Lardet, S. Campagna, Y. Perrin,
A. Leconte and C. Chaine 117
11.9. Somatic embryogenesis in birch (Betula pendula Roth.)
V. Chalupa 137
11.10. Somatic embryogenesis in sandalwood (Santalum album L.)
P.S. Rao and V.A. Bapat 153
11.11. Somatic embryogenesis in olive (Olea europaea L.)
E. Rugini 171
vi
II.12. Somatic embryogenesis in grape
D.J. Gray 191
II.13. Somatic embryogenesis in Salix
L. Gronroos 219
II.14. Somatic embryogenesis in Camellia spp.
A.M. Vieitez 235
11.15. Somatic embryogenesis in Rosa spp.
A. V. Roberts, K. Yokoya, S. Walker and J. Mottley 277
II.16. Somatic embryogenesis in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)
A. Figueira and 1. Janick 291
II. 17 . Somatic embryogenesis in white ash (Fraxinus americana L.)
1.E. Preece and S. Bates 311
11.18. Somatic embryogenesis in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
J. Blake and R. Hornung 327
II.19. Somatic embryogenesis in mango (Mangifera indica L.)
R.E. Litz, P.A. Moon, H. Mathews, S. Jayasankar, M.J.
Monsalud and F. Pliego-Alfaro 341
II.20. Somatic embryogenesis in neem (Azadirachta indica)
S. Thengane, M. Joshi and A.F. Mascarenhas 357
11.21. Somatic embryogenesis in chestnut
F.J. Vieitez 375
II.22. Somatic embryogenesis in horse chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum L.)
L. Radojevic 409
II.23. Somatic embryogenesis in apple (Malus)
A. Wallin, M. Nyman and M. Svensson 445
II.24. Somatic embryogenesis in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)
S. Bhaskaran and R.H. Smith 461
II.25. Somatic embryogenesis in eastern redbud (Cerds canadensis)
R.N. Trigiano, R.L. Geneve and L.G. Buckley 471
List of Contributors 483
Index of Species 489
Index of Subjects 493
General Preface
The quality of human life has been maintained and enhanced for generations
by the use of trees and their products. In recent years, ever rising human
population growth has put tremendous pressure on trees and tree products;
growing awareness of the potential of previously unexploited tree resources
and environmental pollution have both accelerated development of new
technologies for tree propagation, breeding and improvement. Biotechnology
of trees may be the answer to solve the problems which cannot be solved
by conventional breeding methods. The combination of biotechnology and
conventional methods such as plant propagation and breeding may be a novel
approach to improving and multiplying in large number the trees and woody
plants.
So far, plant tissue culture technology has largely been exploited in the
propagation of ornamental plants, especially foliage house plants, by com
mercial companies. Generally, tissue culture of woody plants has been recal
citrant. However, limited success has been achieved in tissue culture of
angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants. A number of recent reports on
somatic embryogenesis in woody plants such as Norway spruce (Picea abies),
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), Sandalwood (Santalurn album), Citrus, Mango
(Mangifera indica), etc., offer a ray of hope of: a) inexpensive clonal propa
gation for large-scale production of plants or "emblings" or "somatic embryo
plants", b) protoplast work, c) cryopreservation, d) genetic transformation,
and e) artificial or manufactured seed production. In the future, with the
basic biology for better understanding the genetic control of somatic em
bryogenesis and in embryo development and maturation with the help of
molecular biology, it may be possible for us to have better control over the
induction of somatic embryogenesis. For cost effective large-scale production
of elite trees, robotic and automation technology will interface with somatic
embryogenesis in the 21st century.
The rapid progress of somatic embryogenesis and its prospects for potential
applications to improving woody plants prompted us to edit this book in
three volumes. Moreover, most of the research information in this field on
woody plants is scattered in national and international meeting proceedings,
refereed journals, biotechnology books, etc. There is a lack of availability
of a comprehensive work on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants includ
ing both angiosperms and gymnosperms. We were all convinced that such a
treatise was needed and would be extremely useful to researchers and stu
dents. Dr. Jain contacted Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands to
work on this book project. The positive response of the publisher encouraged
us to proceed further.
In our present endeavour, we have attempted to bring all the research
information on somatic embryogenesis in woody plants into three volumes.
Vlll
In Volume 1, we included review articles on different aspects and applications
of somatic embryogenesis such as historical, biochemical, molecular, anatom
ical and physiological, protoplasts, cryopreservation, manufactured seed (ar
tificial seed), genetic transformation, somaclonal variation, bioreactors, mu
tation, and future uses in woody plantations. In the introductory chapter,
we have taken the views of a forest geneticist on somatic embryogenesis in
relation to woody plant improvement. What lies ahead in the application of
this technology for commercial purposes and the establishment of germplasm
banks, has been discussed. Both Volumes 2 and 3 cover selected important
angiosperm and gymnosperm woody plants, respectively. Each selected
woody plant has been described in detail covering botany and genetics,
importance and geographical distribution, breeding problems, in vitro propa
gation and problems, initiation of embryogenic cultures, culture mainten
ance, embryo development, embryo germination, and field trials (if any).
We have also encouraged the authors to incorporate their recent data includ
ing genetic transformation, cryopreservation etc. in their manuscripts. These
volumes are designed as the key reference works, providing detailed infor
mation on all aspects of somatic embryogenesis for beginners as well as
experienced research workers.
We have invited an international and diverse group of contributors from
several countries such as Australia, Austria, Canada, Czech Rep., Denmark,
England, Finland, France, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Slovakia, Spain,
Sweden, Taiwan, USA, and Yugoslavia. Our invited authors belong to aca
demic institutes, universities and industries, and they are leading research
scientists in somatic embryogenesis research work.
The selection of chapters and their authors was initially done by Dr. S.M.
Jain and the final list was prepared by including the suggestions of Dr. Gupta
and Prof. Newton. Our final list of chapters with their authors, was reviewed
by anonymous reviewers of Kluwer Academic Publishers and the project was
finally approved. All the correspondence with the invited authors and the
publisher, any further additions or deletions of the chapters, initial and final
review of the manuscripts including editing, the selection of reviewers, and
finally the mailing of the reviewed manuscripts were done by Dr. Jain. All the
manuscripts have been critically reviewed by one-two persons and revised
according to the referees' comments.
S. Mohan Jain
P.K. Gupta
R.J. Newton
Preface to Volume 2
This volume contains 24 chapters on somatic embryogenesis in selected
important angiosperm woody plants including bamboo (general review), an
other chapter covers Bambusa oldhamii, B. beecheyana and Sinocalamus
latiflora, birch (Betula pendulum), Citrus, cacao, coconut, Eucalyptus, rubber
(Hevea brasiliensis), walnut (Juglans regia), Populus spp., Quercus spp.,
olive (Olea europaea), grape, Salix, Camellia spp., Rosa spp., white ash
(Fraxinus americana), mango (Mangifera indica), neem (Azadirachta indica),
horse chestnut, apple (Malus), date palm, eastern redbud (Cerds canad
ensis). In general, all the chapters initially cover the introduction of the plant
describing botany and genetics, importance and geographical distribution,
breeding problems and in vitro propagation and problems. This is followed
by initiation of embryogenic cultures, culture maintenance, embryo develop
ment, embryo germination, field trials (if any), and concluding remarks.
There was no limit set for the number of photos or figures or the length of
the manuscript. All the contributory authors were encouraged to include
their recent data.
All the submitted manuscripts to this volume were reviewed by one-two
persons and revised accordingly. Weare thankful to all the reviewers for
their help in reviewing the manuscripts well in time.
We express our gratitude to all contributory authors to this volume for
sending their man scripts in time.
S. Mohan Jain
P.K. Gupta
R.J. Newton
Acknowledgements
I am very grateful to the Finnish Academy of Science, for providing me with
a grant for editing this book.
My thanks are due to my friends Prof. R.J. Newton and Dr. Pramod K.
Gupta, co-editors of this book, for their promptness in responding to me
whenever I needed their help. They were extremely helpful in deciding the
final list of chapters and their authors, and in reviewing the manuscripts. It
has been my greatest pleasure to work with Ron and Pramod on this project,
and certainly we have formed an excellent and highly efficient team.
I would like to acknowledge with great appreciation Prof. M.R. Ahuja,
Dr. J. Blake, Dr. J.M. Bonga, Dr. J. Finer, Prof. Larry Fowke, Dr. P.K.
Gupta, Prof. J. Janick, Prof. S.c. Minocha, Prof. R.J. Newton, Prof. J.
Preece, Dr. R.c. Saxena, Prof. R.H. Smith, Dr. David Thompson, and Dr.
R.N. Trigiano for critically reviewing the manuscripts promptly, and to all
the contributory authors for sending their manuscripts well in time. However,
we had some anxious moments due to delay in some manuscripts.
I wish to express my thanks to my colleagues Prof. Eija Pehu, Mr. Tapio
Poutala, Mr. Matti Teittinen, and Mr. Tapani Pulkki in our Plant Production
Department for their timely help and assistance.
Also, with great love and affection, I want to thank my daughters Sarita
and Sonia, and my wife Marja-Liisa for their unceasing patience and under
standing while I was working on these volumes.
Finally, I express my deepest sense of appreciation to Adrian C. Plaizier
of Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, for giving us the oppor
tunity to work on this exciting book project. Adrian has always been coopera
tive and helpful, and gave me useful advice.
Book Project Leader
S. Mohan Jain