Solid Waste: Assessment, Monitoring and Remediation

1100 Pages·2004·38.76 MB·English

by  Irena Twardowska

Preface
The general idea of the book has arisen from the mutual experience of many specialists in
numerous disciplines from different countries involved in the problem of environmental
assessment, life cycle monitoring/pollution prevention and control approaches for
chemicals generated from solid waste disposal. Solid waste worldwide issues nowadays
reflect the complexity and unbalanced development of our world at the beginning of the
21st century. There remains a lack of agreement concerning the major basic definitions,
e.g. which material should be considered as "waste" and which as a "beneficial raw
material", which wastes are "hazardous-" and which are "non-hazardous" ones. These
arguments are far from being just an academic dispute, resulting finally in the way of waste
management/disposal is practiced. False-positive evaluation of material causes substantial
increase of disposal costs, while false-negative error may pose serious damage to the
environment from inadequately used or disposed wastes. It is remarkable, that quite often a
failure in proper evaluation of environmental impact originates from an improper testing
procedure or generalization of the results of a limited number of basic tests with respect to
the heterogeneous high-volume wastes.
There are still a great variety of procedures for the assessment of environmental risks,
not only in national regulations of different countries, but also used by different groups of
analysts within the same country. The need for waste- and site-specific approaches on one
hand, and harmonization of procedures for the assessment of environmental risks from
solid wastes on the other hand, is therefore obvious.
In the field of solid waste management, treatment and disposal one faces the enormous
(but still not sufficient) amount of information concerning specific problems of different
hazardous wastes, and surprisingly limited data on the seemingly harmless great portions
of the waste stream entering the environment.
Rapid progress in industry and other branches of the economy in the developing
industrialized nations, not accompanied by adequate, environmentally safe waste
management strategies, creates new vast "hot spots" in the formerly pristine areas.
Development of new technologies, materials and chemicals poses quite often a hazard
from new waste materials of unpredictable environmental behavior and impact.
All this ballast of the old unsolved problems, lack of basic information, knowledge
and recognition concerning environmental behavior of waste, the proliferation of new
hazardous waste materials and chemicals, new severe damage and new risks to the
environment resulted from the discordant development of the world we have taken to the
21 st Century.
At the same time, the end of the 20th Century provided us with wonderful opportunities
arising from the transformation of the political system of the former communist countries,
the end of a cold war and the beginning of a new era of unlimited cooperation and
unification in the field of optimization of relevant laws, regulations and environmental
impact assessment methods in a large regional and global scale. Now, the most advanced
vi ecaferP
technologies that formerly served for military purposes have become efficient, reliable,
exact and worldwide commonly available tools for monitoring and remediation of waste
sites. Some of these technologies and techniques are applicable specifically to waste
treatment and disposal, some are integral to the waste management problem, but have a
wider scope of use. The doors to better, safer, efficient waste management strategies, and
therefore to a better, safer, cleaner environment are open wide. There should be knowledge
and awareness of the administration and decision makers to accept the suggestions of
experts in the field of the environmentally safe waste disposal, but there should be also a
will and ability of experts to evaluate adequately, and to apply properly, the new methods,
techniques and technologies for optimization of waste management strategies in a
national, regional and global scale and for making national waste management practices
compatible with regional and global strategies. These strategies should comprise the total
waste stream management and should consider all kinds of waste origins of different
volume, properties and extent of the environmental impact in compliance with the up-to-
date state of knowledge.
In the last decade, there has been growing awareness and interest in the
environmentally safe management of non-hazardous waste; in the European Union and
Accession Countries it resulted in consolidated legislative, standardization, administrative
and research activity in this arena. It is aimed to develop short- and long-term waste
management strategies and their consequent implementation in compliance with the
formulated priorities: (1) waste minimization; (2) recycling and reuse; (3) environmentally
safe disposal.
This book covers a broad group of wastes, from biowaste to hazardous waste, but
primarily the largest (by volume) group of wastes that are not hazardous, but also are not
inert, and are problematic for three major reasons: (1) they are difficult to manage because
of their volume: usually they are used in civil engineering as a common fill, where they are
exposed to atmospheric conditions almost the same way as at disposal sites, or in
agriculture as soil amendments etc.; (2) they are not geochemically stable and in the
different periods of environmental exposure undergo transformations that might add
hazardous properties to the material that are not displayed when it is freshly generated; (3)
many designers and researchers in different countries involved in the waste management
are often not aware of time-delayed adverse environmental impact of some large-volume
waste, and also do not consider some positive properties that may extend the area of their
environmentally beneficial application.
The aim of this book is to contribute to:
(cid:12)9 Unification of pollution-control legislation with respect to solid waste (SW) and solid
waste disposal facilities (SWDFs) through critical discussion of national regulations in
different countries;
(cid:12)9 Implementation in compliance with current state of knowledge;
(cid:12)9 Introduction of advanced, reliable and cost-effective monitoring strategies in SWDF
sites that would provide an early alert for undertaking remedial actions;
(cid:12)9 Extending information on the most promising and efficient emerging remediation
technologies.
Preface vii
The contributors to the book are recognized experts in the various fields associated with
the issues and are from different parts of the world. They present their experience and
approaches, taking into consideration also local specifics. The book is addressed to the
wide range of decision-makers and professionals involved in environmental issues:
administration, designers, and to researchers, as well as to academic teachers and
university students and is focused on waste properties, environmental behavior and
management in an environmentally safe way. It considers municipal waste, hazardous
waste and waste other than hazardous, with a special regard to this last and largest group
that often combines properties of either biowaste or at some stages of weathering
transformations also of hazardous waste. The knowledge and awareness of these
properties are still limited. It was not the intention of the editors to exhaust the subject,
which is extremely broad, but to give a general idea about the up-to-date trends in the field
of solid waste disposal, monitoring, assessment and remedial options, exemplified also in
the case studies.
The scope of the book:
.1 Critically discuss international and national legislation and regulatory frameworks
concerning SW in different countries representing various levels of economy
development.
.2 Summarize data concerning pollution potential of major groups of bulk solid wastes
(both hazardous and other than hazardous as a function of time and storage/disposal
conditions, on the background of existing legislation/control strategies.
.3 Provide state-of-the-art information and discussion on: (i) advanced monitoring
techniques and equipment for SW pollution potential evaluation and SWDF sites
screening and characterization; (ii) monitoring strategies, methods, techniques and
equipment to provide early means to detect, and in situ intercept or remediate
environmental contamination; (iii) post-closure and life cycle monitoring strategies.
4. Present and critically discuss innovative methods and technologies for environmentally
safe disposal and in situ remediation of SW.
5. Present and critically discuss emerging strategies and technologies for solid waste
management with regard to adequate adjustment of environmental legislation and
monitoring.
We hope this book to some extent will contribute to the harmonization of efforts
directed to the proper, environmentally safe solid waste disposal practices as well as to
wider and more dynamic implementation of the advanced approach, methods and
techniques for waste management, monitoring and contaminated site remediation.
The Editors
stnemegdelwonkcA
Special gratitude is expressed to Herb Allen, Tony Kettrup, and Bill Lacy, the most
capable professionals I have ever had the pleasure to work with, who kindly agreed to
share with me the hardships of editorial work and were also brilliant authors of the
chapters. On behalf of all of the Editors I thank the contributing authors, the recognized
experts in the field of environmentally safe waste managing, treating and disposing for
sharing their outstanding expertise with the readers. The invaluable assistance of Sebastian
Stefaniak and Thomas Rachwal in the book preparation is highly appreciated.
Life is sometimes cruel. An excellent author and devoted researcher, A. S. Juwarkar,
untimely departed from this world. ! believe that his farewell contribution will last for a
long time and will receive the appreciation of the readers. The acknowledgement is due to
his colleagues and co-workers, who completed the preparation of his contribution.
Irena Twardowska
Contributors
ALLEN, Herbert E. )*
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and
Center for the Study of Metals ni the Environment
University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A.
AL SEADI, Teodorita )*
Bioenergy Department, University of Southern Denmark
Niels Bohrs Vej ,9 DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
AMACHER, Michael C.
USDA - Forest Service - RMRS, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, UT 84321, U.S.A.
BEHRENDT, Herwart
Science + Computing AG, Ingolstiidter Str. ,22 D-80807 Miinchen (Munich), Germany
BERNINGER, Burkhard
University of Applied Sciences, Amberg-Weiden, Germany
BRUNING, Harry
Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg ,2
6703 HD Wageningen or P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
BRUNNER, Paul H.*)
Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology,
Katsplatz 13/226, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
BRtIGGEMANN, Rainer )*
Department ,I Ecohydrology, Leibniz - Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland
Fisheries, Miiggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin - Friedrichshagen, Germany
BUMB, Amar C. )*
IT Corporation, Greenville, SC 29615, U.S.A.
CALMANO, Wolfgang )*
Section of Environmental Science and Technology, Technical University Hamburg-
Harburg, Eissendorfer Str.40, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
)* Corresponding author.
xi
xii Contributors
CHAWLA, Ramesh C.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Howard University, 2300 Sixth Street, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20059, U.S.A.
CHEN, Tung-ho )*
Department of the Army, United States Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command,
Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, Picatinny Arsenal,
New Jersey, 07806-5000, U.S.A. Since 2000: TTH Consulting, Inc., 13611 Basket Ring
Court, Gainesville, AV 20155, U.S.A.
CUYPERS, Chiel
Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129,
6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
DeVILLE, William B. )*
Office of the Secretary, Department of Environmental Quality, P.O. Box 82263, Baton
Rouge, LA 70884, U.S.A.
DREHER, Peter,
Institute of Water Quality Control and Waste Management, Technical University Munich,
Am Coulombwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany
DUDA, Robert )*
Department of Hydrogeology and Water Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics
and Environment Protection, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Mickiewicza Av. ,03
30-059 Krakow, Poland
FAULSTICH, Martin )*
Institute of Water Quality Control and Waste Management, Technical University Munich,
Am Coulombwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany
FAVOINO, Enzo )*
Working Group on Composting and Integrated Waste Management, Scuola Agraria del
Parco di Monza, Viale Cavriga ,3 1-20052 Monza, Italy
FORSTNER, Ulrich
Section of Environmental Science and Technology, Technical University Hamburg-
Harburg, Eissendorfer Str.40, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
FRIEDMAN, David *)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W., Ariel Bidg.
8101 ,R Washington, DC 20460, U.S.A.
GATCHETT, Annette )*
.S.U Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. EPA Facilities, 26 West Martin Luther King
Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, U.S.A.
Contributors xiii
GROTENHUIS, J. Tim C.
Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bomenweg ,2
6703 HD Wageningen or P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
HOLM-NIELSEN, Jens Bo
Bioenergy Department, University of Southern Denmark
Niels Bohrs Vej ,9 DK-6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
JUWARKAR, Asha A.
Land Environment Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute (NEERI), CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nehru Marg,
Nagpur 440020, India
JUWARKAR, A. S. t
Land Environment Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute (NEERI), CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nehru Marg,
Nagpur 440020, India (Deceased 1996)
KEILHAMMER, Uwe
University of Applied Sciences, Amberg- Weiden, Germany
KETTRUP, Antonius A. F. )*
Institute of Ecological Chemistry, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and
Health, Ingolstiidter Landstrasse ,1 D-85764 Neuherberg, and Section of Ecological
Chemistry and Environmental Analytics, Technical University Munich, D-85350 Freising-
Weihenstephan, Germany
KHANNA, P.
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), CSIR - Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India
KNOPP, Dietmar )*
Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University Munich, Marchioninistrasse ,71
D-81377 Miinchen, Germany
KUKIER, Urszula )*
Department of Crop and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
Unuversity, Blackburg, AV 24061, U.S.A.
LACY, William J.
Lacy & Associates, Consulting Engineers, 9114 Cherry Tree Drive, Alexandria,
AV 22309, U.S.A.
MARTIN, Edward J.*)
Department of Civil Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, U.S.A.
xiv Contributors
MORF, Leo
GEO Partner AG, Umweltmanagement, Baumackerstrasse24,
CH-6050 Zurich Switzerland
NIESSNER, Reinhard
Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University Munich, Marchioninistrasse ,71
D-81377 Miinchen, Germany
N0TZMANN, Gunnar
Department ,I Ecohydrology, Leibniz - Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland
Fisheries, Miiggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin - Friedrichshagen, Germany
OLEXSEY, B.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. EPA Facilities, 26 West Martin Luther King
Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, U.S.A.
RECHBERGER, Helmut
Department of Resource and Waste Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
RTH H6nggerberg HIF E21, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
RULKENS, Wim H. )*
Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Mansholtlaan ,01
6708 PA Wageningen or P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
RUMMEL-BULSKA, Iwona )*
Executive Secretary of the Basel Convention Secretariat (1991-1999), Office of the
Secretary - General, Worm Meteorological Organization (WMO), 7bis Avenue de al Paix,
CH-1211 Geneva 2300, Switzerland
SCHRAMM, Kari-Werner )*
Institute of Ecological Chemistry, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and
Health, Ingolstiidter Landstrasse ,1 D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
SEILER, Klaus-Peter )*
Institute of Hydrology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health,
Ingolstiidter Landstrasse ,1 D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
SELIM, Magdi H.*)
Agronomy Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A.
SEOK SOON PARK
Kangwon National University, Department of Environmental Science, College of Natural
Sciences, Chuncheon, 200-701, South Korea
Contributors
xv
SIMES, Guy F. )*
.S.U Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National
Risk Management Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati,
OH 45268, U.S.A.
SKINNER, John H. )*
ehT Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA), P.O. Box 7219, Silver Spring,
MD 20907, U.S.A.
STEFANIAK, Sebastian
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ,43 .M Sklodowska-
Curie St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
SUMNER, Malcolm E.
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences
Bldg, Athens, AG 30602, U.S.A.
SWARTZBAUGH, Joseph T.
University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, U.S.A.
SZCZEPAlqSKA, Jadwiga
Department of Hydrogeology and Water Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics
and Environment Protection, University of Mining and Metallurgy, Mickiewicza Av. ,03
30-059 Krakow, Poland
TWARDOWSKA, lrena )*
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ,43 .M Sklodowska-
Curie St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
UCHRIN, Christopher G. )*
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 41 College Farm Road,
New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A.
VO-DINH, Tuan )*
Advanced Monitoring Development Group, Life Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, U.S.A.
WEBER-BLASCHKE, Gabriele
Institute of Water Quality Control and Waste Management, Technical University Munich,
Am Coulombwall, D-85748 Garching, Germany
Editor
Irena TWARDOWSKA is a Research Hydrogeochemist and a Head of the Laboratory of
Non-point Contamination of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Environment at the Institute of
Environmental Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Zabrze, Silesia, Poland.
She is also Professor of Environmental Engineering at the Pedagogical University in
Czestochowa, Poland. Dr. Twardowska received her D.Sc. in Hydrogeology from the
University of Mining and Metallurgy in Krakow in 1986, her Ph.D. in Environmental
Engineering from Silesia Technical University in Gliwice in 1965, and her M.S. in
Sanitary Engineering from the same University in 1960. Her entire carrier has been spent
with the Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering in Zabrze,
Poland, where she held the positions of senior scientist and research group leader, and
since 1987 of associate Professor and Laboratory head.
Dr. Twardowska has published two monographs, more than 190 papers and chapters
in books, presented papers at more than 90 international symposia, is an author of 4 patents
on industrial waste dumps construction. She has been leading numerous multidisciplinary
national and international research projects, currently in collaboration with Germany,
India, Israel, and Norway. Her research interests concern the generation, transformations,
release, migration and immobilization of contaminants in solid waste disposal sites, soil
and vadose zone, effect of these processes on groundwater quality and development of the
pollution prevention and control measures.
xvii