Software project management: a unified framework

438 Pages·1.791 MB·English

by  Royce, Walker

SOFTWARE
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
A Unified
Framework
WALKER ROYCE
The Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series
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SOFTWARE
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
A Unified
Framework
WALKER ROYCE
RATIONAL SOFTWARE CORPORATION
ADDISON–WESLEY
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Royce,Walker,1955-
Software projectmanagement:aunifiedframework/WalkerRoyce.
p. cm.–(TheAddison-Wesleyobjecttechnologyseries)
Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN 0-201-30958-0
1. Computer software––Development––Management. I.Title.
II.Series.
QA76.76.D47R69 1998
005.1’2––dc21 98-20071
CIP
Copyright©1998byAddison-Wesley
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SpecialpermissiontoparaphraseandusetheMaturityQuestionnaire,CMU/SEI-94-SR-007©1998byCarnegie
MellonUniversity,inthebookSoftwareProjectManagement:AUnifiedFrameworkisgrantedbytheSoftware
Engineering Institute.
CapabilityMaturityModelisaservicemarkofCarnegieMellonUniversity,CMMSMregisteredintheU.S.Patent
and Trademark Office.
ISBN0201309580
Text printed on recycled paper
131415161718—IBT—0706050403
13thPrinting,August2004
T
his work is dedicated to my
father, Winston Royce, whose
vision and practicality were
always in balance.
—Walker
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
List of Figures...................................................................................... xiii
List of Tables....................................................................................... xvii
Foreword............................................................................................. xxi
Preface................................................................................................. xxiii
PART I SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT RENAISSANCE 1
CHAPTER 1 Conventional Software Management...................................................... 5
1.1 The Waterfall Model................................................................ 6
1.1.1 In Theory..................................................................... 6
1.1.2 In Practice.................................................................... 11
1.2 Conventional Software Management Performance................... 17
CHAPTER 2 Evolution of Software Economics............................................................. 21
2.1 Software Economics................................................................. 21
2.2 Pragmatic Software Cost Estimation........................................ 26
CHAPTER 3 Improving Software Economics................................................................ 31
3.1 Reducing Software Product Size............................................... 33
3.1.1 Languages.................................................................... 34
3.1.2 Object-Oriented Methods and Visual Modeling........... 36
3.1.3 Reuse........................................................................... 38
3.1.4 Commercial Components............................................. 39
3.2 Improving Software Processes.................................................. 40
3.3 Improving Team Effectiveness.................................................. 43
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.4 Improving Automation through Software Environments.......... 46
3.5 Achieving Required Quality..................................................... 48
3.6 Peer Inspections: A Pragmatic View.......................................... 51
CHAPTER 4 The Old Way and the New........................................................................ 55
4.1 The Principles of Conventional Software Engineering.............. 55
4.2 The Principles of Modern Software Management..................... 63
4.3 Transitioning to an Iterative Process......................................... 66
PART II A SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT PROCESS FRAMEWORK 69
CHAPTER 5 Life-Cycle Phases........................................................................................ 73
5.1 Engineering and Production Stages........................................... 74
5.2 Inception Phase........................................................................ 76
5.3 Elaboration Phase.................................................................... 77
5.4 Construction Phase.................................................................. 79
5.5 Transition Phase....................................................................... 80
CHAPTER 6 Artifacts of the Process.............................................................................. 83
6.1 The Artifact Sets....................................................................... 84
6.1.1 The Management Set................................................... 85
6.1.2 The Engineering Sets.................................................... 86
6.1.3 Artifact Evolution over the Life Cycle.......................... 92
6.1.4 Test Artifacts............................................................... 93
6.2 Management Artifacts.............................................................. 96
6.3 Engineering Artifacts................................................................ 103
6.4 Pragmatic Artifacts................................................................... 105
CHAPTER 7 Model-Based Software Architectures....................................................... 109
7.1 Architecture: A Management Perspective................................. 110
7.2 Architecture: A Technical Perspective....................................... 111
CHAPTER 8 Workflows of the Process.......................................................................... 117
8.1 Software Process Workflows..................................................... 118
8.2 Iteration Workflows................................................................. 121
CHAPTER 9 Checkpoints of the Process........................................................................ 125
9.1 Major Milestones..................................................................... 126
9.2 Minor Milestones..................................................................... 132
9.3 Periodic Status Assessments...................................................... 133
CONTENTS ix
PART III SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT DISCIPLINES 135
CHAPTER 10 Iterative Process Planning......................................................................... 139
10.1 Work Breakdown Structures..................................................... 139
10.1.1 Conventional WBS Issues............................................. 140
10.1.2 Evolutionary Work Breakdown Structures................... 142
10.2 Planning Guidelines.................................................................. 146
10.3 The Cost and Schedule Estimating Process............................... 149
10.4 The Iteration Planning Process................................................. 150
10.5 Pragmatic Planning................................................................... 153
CHAPTER 11 Project Organizations and Responsibilities.............................................. 155
11.1 Line-of-Business Organizations................................................ 156
11.2 Project Organizations............................................................... 158
11.3 Evolution of Organizations...................................................... 165
CHAPTER 12 Process Automation................................................................................... 167
12.1 Tools: Automation Building Blocks.......................................... 168
12.2 The Project Environment.......................................................... 172
12.2.1 Round-Trip Engineering............................................... 173
12.2.2 Change Management................................................... 174
12.2.3 Infrastructures.............................................................. 181
12.2.4 Stakeholder Environments........................................... 184
CHAPTER 13 Project Control and Process Instrumentation........................................... 187
13.1 The Seven Core Metrics............................................................ 188
13.2 Management Indicators............................................................ 190
13.2.1 Work and Progress....................................................... 190
13.2.2 Budgeted Cost and Expenditures.................................. 191
13.2.3 Staffing and Team Dynamics........................................ 195
13.3 Quality Indicators.................................................................... 196
13.3.1 Change Traffic and Stability......................................... 196
13.3.2 Breakage and Modularity............................................. 197
13.3.3 Rework and Adaptability............................................. 197
13.3.4 MTBF and Maturity.................................................... 198
13.4 Life-Cycle Expectations............................................................ 199
13.5 Pragmatic Software Metrics...................................................... 201
13.6 Metrics Automation................................................................. 202