Social Psychology PDF
Preview Social Psychology
Social Psychology This page intentionally left blank T hird Edition Social Psychology S P ociological erSPectiveS David E. Rohall Western Illinois University Melissa A. Milkie University of Maryland Jeffrey W. Lucas University of Maryland Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editor in Chief: Ashley Dodge Art Director: Jayne Conte Publisher: Nancy Roberts Cover photo: Ancil Nance Editorial Assistant: Molly White Cover design: Suzanne Duda Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Director of Digital Media: Brian Hyland Executive Marketing Manager: Kelly May Digital Media Project Manager: Tina Gagliostro Marketing Coordinator: Courtney Stewart Full-Service Project Management and Composition: Managing Editor: Denise Forlow PreMediaGlobal/Anju Joshi Program Manager: Mayda Bosco Printer/Binder: Courier Corp. Senior Operations Supervisor: Mary Fischer Cover Printer: Courier Corp. Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano Text Font: TimesLtStd Roman 10/12 Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page 364. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007, by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rohall, David E. Social psychology : sociological perspectives / David E. Rohall, Western Illinois University, Melissa A. Milkie, University of Maryland, Jeffrey W. Lucas, University of Maryland.—Third edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-23500-1 ISBN-10: 0-205-23500-X 1. Social psychology. I. Milkie, Melissa A. II. Lucas, Jeffrey W. III. Title. HM1033.R64 2013 302—dc23 2013009345 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-10: 0-205-23500-X ISBN-13: 978-0-205-23500-1 Dedication To Molly, Michael, Jeremiah, Virginia, and Urlene —DR To Christopher, Aaron, Kathryn, Daniel, and Mom —MM To Marty, Quinn, and Henry —JL This page intentionally left blank ContentS Preface xiii 2. Perspectives in Sociological Social Psychology 26 Part 1 Perspectives and The Symbolic Interactionist Methods 1 Perspective 27 Society and Agency 28 1. Introduction to Sociological Basic Principles of Symbolic Social Psychology 2 Interactionism 29 Sociology, Psychology, and Social Two Schools of Symbolic Psychology 3 Interactionism 36 Macrosociology and Section Summary 38 Microsociology 5 The Take-Away Message 38 Sociological and Psychological The Social Structure and Personality Social Psychology 8 Perspective 38 Historical Context of Sociological The Components Principle 39 Social Psychology 9 The Proximity Principle 42 Section Summary 12 The Psychology Principle 43 The Take-Away Message 12 Section Summary 44 Perspectives in Sociological Social Psychology 12 The Take-Away Message 45 Symbolic Interactionism 13 The Group Processes Perspective 45 Social Structure and Personality 13 Studying Processes 46 Group Processes 14 Group Structures 48 Three Perspectives in One 15 Relationships among Groups 51 Section Summary 15 Section Summary 51 The Take-Away Message 15 The Take-Away Message 51 Your Social Psychological Toolkit 16 Bringing It All Together 52 The Sociological Imagination 16 Summary 52 Other Tools in Your Kit 17 Key Terms and Concepts 53 Section Summary 23 Discussion Questions 54 The Take-Away Message 23 3. Studying People 55 Bringing It All Together 23 Basic Concepts and Issues 56 Summary 24 Theories and Hypotheses 56 Key Terms and Concepts 24 Independent and Dependent Discussion Questions 25 Variables 58 vii viii Contents Sampling Issues 58 Multiple Inequalities: Reliability and Validity 59 “Doing Difference” and Intersectionality 92 Ethical Issues in Studying People 60 Rigging—and Fixing—the Game 94 Section Summary 60 Section Summary 95 The Take-Away Message 61 The Take-Away Message 95 Different Ways to Study People 61 Structures of Inequality 96 Qualitative Methods 62 Micro-Foundations of Social Mobility 97 Quantitative Methods 68 Networks and Social Capital 99 Mixed-Method Approaches 74 Social Status and Section Summary 76 Personality 101 The Take-Away Message 77 Section Summary 103 Steps in Developing Research The Take-Away Message 104 Projects 77 Stratification Processes Step 1: Assess the Theory and in Groups 104 Literature 77 Status and Power in Social Step 2: Develop Research Exchange Processes 104 Questions or Hypotheses 78 Status in Groups 106 Step 3: Choose Research Methods 78 Power in Networks 112 Step 4: Conduct Data The Differences between Power Analysis 79 and Status 115 Step 5: Report Results 79 Section Summary 116 Section Summary 80 The Take-Away Message 116 The Take-Away Message 81 Bringing It All Together 116 Bringing It All Together 81 Summary 117 Summary 82 Key Terms and Concepts 117 Key Terms and Concepts 82 Discussion Questions 118 Discussion Questions 84 5. Self and Identity 119 The Self as a Process 120 Part 2 The Individual The I, the Me, and Self in Society 85 Narratives 121 Identity Theory 123 4. The Social Psychology of Stratification 86 Affect Control Theory 125 Constructing Inequalities 87 Dramaturgical Sociology 127 Basic Stratification Processes 88 Situated and Multiple Selves 131 Othering 91 Section Summary 132 Doing Gender 91 The Take-Away Message 132 Contents ix The Self and Social Structure 132 Group Processing and Evaluative Dimensions of the Socialization 175 Self-Concept 133 Finding Socialization in Group Race, Class, Gender, and the Processes 175 Self 137 Assessing the Effects of Social Statuses and Socialization 177 Identities 138 Section Summary 181 Measuring the The Take-Away Message 182 Self-Concept 139 Bringing It All Together 182 Section Summary 142 Summary 182 The Take-Away Message 142 Key Terms and Concepts 183 Identity and Group Processes 143 Discussion Questions 184 Social Identity Theory 143 Part 3 Areas of Social Section Summary 145 Life 185 The Take-Away Message 145 Bringing It All Together 146 7. The Social Psychology Summary 146 of Deviance 186 Key Terms and Concepts 147 Interactionist Approaches to Discussion Questions 148 Deviance 187 Ethnomethodology and 6. Socialization over the Life the Social Construction of Course 149 Deviance 188 Developing the Self 150 Labeling Theory of Deviance 190 Stages of Development 150 Delabeling: Leaving the Deviant The Role of the Other 151 Identity 197 Learning Race, Class, and Section Summary 198 Gender 153 The Take-Away Message 198 Adult Socialization 155 Social Structure and Deviant The Sociology of Childhood 155 Behavior 198 Section Summary 157 Anomie and Social Strain 199 The Take-Away Message 157 Social and Self-Control Structural and Time Dimensions Theories 201 of Socialization 158 Social Disorganization versus The Life Course 158 Genetics 204 Agents of Socialization 167 Section Summary 205 Section Summary 175 The Take-Away Message 205 The Take-Away Message 175 Group Relationships and Deviance 206
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